stress and coping Flashcards
stress
an actual or alleged hazard to the balance of homeostasis
homeostasis
state of steady internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions maintained by living systems
stressors
physical, psychological, or social stimuli that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis
appraisal
how a person interprets the impact of a stressor
eustress
positive stress
distress
negative stress
trauma
when symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration of the stressor
T/F: stress occurs when an individual considers the event as a threat and the ability to respond to the demands placed on the individual by the event to be overwhelming
true
acute stress
stress experienced on a daily basis from minor situations
chronic stress
stress experienced on an ongoing basis, typically > 6 months
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
traumatic events include motor vehicle crashes, natural disasters, violence
common among military personnel, veterans, first responders, and HCPs
secondary traumatic stress
trauma a person experiences from witnessing suffering of others
a component of compassion fatigue
common among HCPs and first responders
crisis
occurs when coping mechanisms are ineffective and a change must be made
developmental crisis
also called a maturational crises
occurs when a person moves through different stages of life
situational crisis
external crisis, typically unexpected trauma
adventitious crisis
also called events of disaster
occurs during a major national disaster, man-made disaster, or crimes of violence
primary appraisal
appraising the event in terms of its personal meaning
stress results when a person identified an event or circumstance as a harm, loos, threat, or challenge
secondary appraisal
concurrently happens with primary appraisal
a person considers available resources and coping strategies
stress occurs if demands placed on the person by the event exceed the ability to cope
coping
cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage a stressor
is unique for everyone, can be impacted by goals, beliefs, personal resources, cultural background, age, and types of stress experienced
factors influencing stress and coping
situation, maturational, and sociocultural factors
T/F: appraisal of stressors, amount and type of social support, and coping strategies all depend on previous life experiences and affect how a person reacts to that stressor
true
T/F: situational and social stressors place ppl who are vulnerable at higher risk for prolonged stress
true
situational factors
stressors in the workplace, adjusting to a new diagnosis
maturational factors
stressors based on life stage
erikson’s developmental theories
include many milestone, such as beginning a fam and a career, losing parents, seeing children leave home, and accepting physical aging
sociocultural factors
environmental, social, and cultural stressors
ex: poverty, physical disability, social isolation
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
3-stage reaction to stress
triggered by a physical or psychological event
involves several body systems in responding to the stress
body is trying to return to allostasis
T/F: pituitary gland initiates the GAS after encountering a physical demand
true
alarm stage
CNS is aroused, body defenses are mobilizes, and fight or flight
resistance stage
body stabilizes and responds, body is compensating for changes that occurred during alarm stage
exhaustion stage
continuous stress causes a breakdown of compensatory mechanisms, can no long er adapt to stressor, state is associated with physiological problems
immune response of GAS
stress response directly influences the immune response
stress causes prolonged changes in immune system
impairs immune function
increases susceptibility to infection, high BP, diabetes, and cancer
compassion fatigue
state of burnout and secondary traumatic stress resulting from physical and mental fatigue and exhaustion
burnout occurs when perceived demands outweigh perceived resources
feelings of irritability, restlessness, and inability to focus and engage with others
often affects HCPs and other caregivers bc of the nature of the work
second victim syndrome
when a medical error occurs that inflicts significant harm on a pt and the pt fam
can sustain complex psychological harm that can lead to detrimental outcomes such as suicide
can lead to symptoms that are similar to PTSD
need to support these individuals when this type of event occurs
T/F: stress and coping is a sensitive topic
true - need to establish a trusting nurse-client relationship first
need to assess subjective findings
stressors and client’s perception of event
available situational supports
methods of coping
suicidality/homicidal thoughts
assess objective findings
appearance
nonverbal behaviors
assessment of stress and coping
establish relationship
assess subjective data
assess objective data
consider the environment
use open ended questions
planning for stress and coping
set priorities and develop goals together with the client
set objectives with the client to achieve the goal
setting priorities and develop goals together with the client
state goal in terms of the client
state goal broadly in terms of reducing the problems or enhancing the strength that was noted in the diagnosis
set objectives with the client to achieve the goal
SMART goals
one behavior per objective
implementation
health promotion
acute care
restorative and continuing care
health promotion
regular exercise and rest
support systems
time management
guided imagery and visualization
progressive muscle relaxation therapies
assertiveness training
journal writing
mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR)
stress management in the workplace
social isolation and loneliness prevention
acute care
crisis intervention
restorative and continuing care
long term impact of a crisis
evaluation
through the pt eyes (has stress been reduced?)
pt outcomes
pt outcomes
coping with stress takes time
empowering the pt
