Stress Flashcards
what are the benefits of stress?
- Allow us to grow and develop
- Good for survival
- Protective feature
what are the negatives of stress?
- Physical consequences
- Can become chronic
- Can become out of control
what factors can trigger a stress response?
- injury
- disease
- pain
- fear
what effector organs are stimulated upon SNS activation?
- heart
- lungs
- GI tract
- urinary system
- adrenal gland
- hair muscles
- liver
what stimulates SNS activation?
norepinephrine release from the CNS
what effect does sympathetic activation have throughout the body?
- relax bladder and urinary sphincter
- slow down digestion
- increase heart rate
- dilate bronchioles
- stimulate adrenal medula
- increase glycogen to glucose conversion
- increase focus and visual acuity
what is released by the adrenal medulla?
catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine
what is the function of the sympathetic ganglion?
allows impulse to travel down efferent pathways to effector organs
what do we assess in bloodwork to look for signs of stress?
- Increase in oxygen extraction ration indications oxygen use
- Increase in glucose levels due to live converting glycogen to glucose
what does the adrenal cortex secrete?
cortisol
what effect does HPA activation have on ADH?
increases ADH release, stimulating the renal system to reabsorb water
what is the effect of increased ADH on the cardiovascular system?
- increases BP and blood volume
- enhanced CO
- tachycardia
- bounding pulse
how does HPA activation contribute to wakefulness?
- RAS activation
- SNS stimulation and presence of neurotransmitters
-> wakefulness
how does stress alter body temp?
Core temperature should be the same or slightly eleate because of increased BMR
how does stress alter blood pressure?
increases blood pressure -> hypertension
how does stress alter heart rate?
increases HR -> tachycardia
how does stress alter respiratory rate?
increases RR -> tachypnea and shallow, irregular breathing
how does stress alter pain?
increases pain
what are the 2 mechanisms of cortisol release increasing blood glucose?
- Generation of more glucose from storage
- Inability of insulin to lock onto tyrosine kinase receptor and unlock cell to take in glucose (insulin resistance)
where is insulin secreted from?
pancreas
what effecrs does cortisol release have on the body?
- increased blood glucose
- decreased WBC
- decreased sensitivity to pain
- decrease serotonin
what are some common symptoms of cushing’s syndrome?
- Breakdown of fat (adipose tissue) → maldistribution of adipose tissue
- Reduces bone formation
- Glucose generation and counteracting of insulin → increase blood sugar
- Decreases amino acid uptake by muscle
