Stress Flashcards

Question

Acute stressor?

Answer 1

could be someone jumping out in front of you, causing your heart rate to increase Your palms become sweaty, but the main chemical response is the release of the hormone adrenaline secreted by the adrenal glands in the kidney and respond to stress

Answer 2

specialised network of cells in the body for internal communication pain receptors connect to the brain the brain connects to the muscle , the muscle connects to the bones and the bones perform a function

Answer 3

CNS ( central nervous system) ANS ( autonomic nervous system)

Answer 4

the spinal cord

Answer 5

autonomic and functions without conscious control it manages breathing, heartbear and digestion

Answer 6

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Answer 7

activated by adrenaline ( fight or flight response)

Answer 8

relaxation an calming ( noradrenaline)

Answer 9

( opposite of adrenaline

Answer 10

short term stress

Answer 11

Sympathetic Adrenal medulla

Answer 12

the hypothalamus in the brain is activated. This causes the ANS to respond. This arouses the sympathetic branch of the ANS This sends a signal to the adrenal gland, which consists of 2 parts: Cortex ( outer layer) Medulla ( inner layer) This releases the hormone adrenaline, or noradrenaline. Adrenaline circulates in the bloodstream, targeting key organs such as the heart and muscles. The heart rate increases and blood pressure rises. When the threat has passed, the stress response is dampened by the parasympathetic branch of the ANS. This is known as the Sympathomedullarypathway because it involves the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla

Answer 13

Adrenaline and noradrenaline prepare the body for fight or flight, the body diverts blood away from non essential organs. Oxygen is cattied to muscles to make them work harder. Glycogen is released from the muscles using the hormone Glucagon and is converted to glucose to provide energy. The senses are sharpened to make the person more responsive to the environment. Blood vessels dillate (widen), and salivary glands are constricted. The mouth dries out Sweat is produced, which cools the surface of the skin, as the nervous system is being overworked. This prepares the body to face the stressor.

Answer 14

high levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline have a direct effect on the heart both hormones have been linked to cardiovasculardisease and stroke

Answer 15

causes the heart to beat faster and blood pressure increases due to constriction of the blood vessels

Answer 16

when the arteries can become blocked with fatty deposits a release of adrenaline increases heart problems in the long term

Answer 17

studied mice and medical staff, working in a stressful intensive care unit In individuals whose arteries were thickened, the added stress increased the number of white blood cells in order to fight disease. The increase in white blood cells caused inflammation and produced lesions. ( open wound ) platelets and clotting proteins attempt to fill the wound and increase the risk of the clot, causing a heart attack or stroke

Answer 18

found there was an increase in the number of deaths caused by cardiovascular problems on the day of the Northridge california earthquake in 1994 earthquake was a unique oppurtinity to assess the effect of an acute stressor ( this would not be possible to replicate in a lab situation)

Answer 19

to cause acute stress of this magnititude would be unethical and unrealistic the ethics are compromised ( DCPIPR)

Answer 20

the study supports the idea that stress and adrenaline cause cardiovascular problems

Answer 21

No true independent variable as the participants heart condition already existed. The dependent variable is the number of deaths on the day of the earthquake from heart disease. QUASSI experiment because there is no true independent variable.

Answer 22

effects people who suffer severe emotional stress after an event such as a bereavement this can be misdiagnosed as a heart attack but is actually because of a massive release of adrenaline which paralyses the bottom of the heart, leaving the upper part of the heart to work harder this condition can cause death but majority of people make a full recovery

Answer 23

Dimsdale ( 2008) studied the relationship between stress and cardiovascular problems he highlights that caution is required when stating that stress causes heart disease ( high cholestral level) , lackof excercise , intake of alcohol and medication and smoking

Answer 24

2015, the UK million women study Liu states that people who are ill naturally report higher levels of stress and less happiness did the illness cause stress? or did the stress cause the illness the research included data from 700,00 women

Answer 25

Large sample size—more generalisable Gender bias Not ecologically reliable ( only in the UK) Reliable but not ecologically Produced quantitative data The women were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their happiness, lives, and health status ( likely to be dishonesty). ( subjective ) There could be leading questions. Open and closed question Low response rate Not all information may be disclosed. The women were followed up after 10 years ( longitudinal study). Allows cause and effect to be seen—adds validity ( more accurate) 4% of the 700,000 had died. ( 28,000 people) Conclusion: death rates among the unhappy people were no greater than the happy people , which suggests that stress is not a causal factor in heart disease.

Answer 26

the female response to stress is to ' tend and befriend' through evolutionary adaptiveness, women cope with stress through nurturing their young ( tending) and creating social networks with other women ( befriending) when confronted with danger, women tend not to fight ( stereotype), so to protect their offspring, they will either flee the situation or befriend the attacker

Answer 27

released following birth, sex or stress ( often referred to as a love hormone ) the effect of oxytocin - to make individuals feel more relaxed and reduce the fear response) oxytocin is released by both men and women in response to stress, but in studies of rats, female stress release more oxytocin than males In stressful situations, men produce higher levels of testosterone which has a negative affect on oxytocin incudes aggression

Answer 28

suggested that the difference in how the body responds to stress is dependent on our accessions to the event as a challenge or a threat. If we see an event as a challenge, the blood vessels dilate, allowing greater blood flow and greater oxygen supply, increasing alteredness, and allowing relaxation . If the event is perceived as a threat, heart rate increases, temperature rises, and illness is more likely, resulting in negative effects.

Answer 29

Blascovich states that the perception of stress may be more harmful than the stress itself.

Answer 30

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups to deliver a speech while receiving negative feedback. One group was instructed to assess their physiological arousal as a challenge or threat, the second group was told to ignore the stress source, and the third group received no guidance. Those who analyzed their performance experienced notable physical effects of stress. This raises the question: does focusing solely on the biological aspects of stress overlook its psychological dimensions?

Answer 31

The physiological response to stress includes involuntary symptoms like increased heart rate and sweaty palms. Gaining control over these responses can promote calmness in stressful situations, often through biofeedback. In this method, individuals are connected to machines that monitor their autonomic nervous system, providing real-time feedback on heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. They learn techniques such as meditation or relaxation to manage their responses. This process can be facilitated by a therapist or done at home using advanced technology, including computer games and wearable devices that track biological data and sync with smartphone apps.

Answer 32

Barlow (2002) describes the freeze response as an automatic reaction in situations where fleeing or fighting is ineffective, similar to how some animals play dead when threatened. Victims of violent crime have reported being unable to move during attacks. Koutsikou (2014) suggests a biological basis for this response, identifying a brain pathway in adult rats that connects the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the pyramis, which triggers the freezing reaction. The PAG is crucial for how humans perceive danger.

Answer 33

Cortisol and chronic stress ( long-term stress )

Answer 34

The body’s secondary response to stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, which is slower than the SAM system and triggered by chronic stressors like relationship issues, anxiety, or caregiving. This response releases cortisol, a hormone that helps the body cope but can weaken the immune system and suppress other hormonal systems at high levels. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) research (1936) demonstrated that various stressors elicit a similar physiological response in rats, highlighting the body’s general coping mechanism. Selye noted that stress depletes biochemical resources, leading to a deterioration of health during the exhaustion phase, characterized by excessive cortisol release.

Answer 35

Upon encountering a stressor, the body triggers both the SAM response and a slower HPA system response. The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into the bloodstream, prompting the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This, in turn, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Answer 36

Lacey (2000) conducted a prospective investigation, a longitudinal study that examines how specific characteristics affect later behavior. The study focused on students preparing for an exam and compared them to a matched control group. Results showed that 90% of the students had elevated cortisol levels one hour before the exam.

Answer 37

Cortisol, a steroid hormone from the glucocorticoid group, plays several roles in the nervous system, including learning, memory, glucose regulation, and immune response activation. During stress, cortisol reduces pain sensitivity and releases glucose for sustained energy, aiding concentration. However, high cortisol levels negatively impact cognitive performance, particularly memory, and weaken the immune response.

Answer 38

Kuhlmann (2005) studied the effects of cortisol on memory by administering it to women tasked with recalling a list of 30 words. Key elements included informed consent and confidentiality. The independent variable (IV) was cortisol concentration, while the dependent variable (DV) was word recall. Results showed that higher cortisol levels correlated with lower recall, highlighting implications for stress-induced memory issues, like "mind going blank" during exams. A limitation of the study was potential gender bias, as men's responses may differ.

Answer 39

The immune system typically attacks pathogens, but during stress, it is suppressed as non-essential. Cortisol reduces inflammation, but prolonged stress leads to continued immunosuppression, increasing illness risk. This is exemplified in Cushing's syndrome, a hormonal disorder caused by excess cortisol, affecting adults aged 20 to 50. Symptoms include obesity, muscle weakness, depression, diabetes, high blood pressure, and fatigue. Cushing's syndrome can result from heightened stress or tumors in the pituitary or adrenal glands.

Answer 40

Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) studied the impact of stress on the immune system by measuring natural killer (NK) cells in 75 medical students at Ohio State University. The study occurred one month before, during, and after their exams. Students also completed the Social Readjustment Rating questionnaire to assess stress levels.

Answer 41

Low cortisol levels can lead to health issues, often revealing themselves after a stressor is removed, such as falling ill during school holidays. A sudden drop in cortisol can trigger inflammation. Helm (2000) linked low cortisol to conditions like chronic fatigue syndrome and PTSD, highlighting the need for balanced cortisol levels to maintain health.

Answer 42

Establishing a clear cause-and-effect relationship between stress, cortisol, and illness is challenging, as stress often alters eating, sleeping, and substance habits, impacting cortisol levels. The most consistent findings relate to age and gender. Lopez-Duran (2000) found that cortisol levels in children peaked 10 to 60 minutes after a stressor, with boys demonstrating better control over their cortisol response, indicating a potential gender influence on stress response.

Answer 43

Evans (1994) found that stress can enhance the immune system by increasing the antibody SlgA, which fights infection. In his study, students delivering talks showed higher SlgA levels compared to their levels during exams, when SlgA decreased.

Answer 44

Up regulation for short-term acute stress This is to increase efficiency at coping Down regulation for long-term chronic stress decreases efficiency

Answer 45

Lewis (2007) reviewed studies on exam stress and found cortisol levels in students increased by 58% to 95%, though this was deemed unreliable and unrepresentative. His own research found no significant change in cortisol levels, indicating potential extraneous variables such as the duration and nature of the stressor. He highlighted the need for more longitudinal studies to better understand cortisol fluctuations.

Answer 46

Cortisol affects not only those experiencing stress but also unborn children. Pregnant women under stress release cortisol, which can cross the placenta and impact fetal development. O’Connor (2005) found a link between maternal stress during pregnancy and higher cortisol levels in 10-year-old children, suggesting prenatal stress influences the child's HPA system. Sarkar (2007) found a correlation between maternal cortisol levels and those in amniotic fluid, indicating potential effects on cognitive and behavioral development, though establishing cause and effect is challenging. Additionally, Seltzer (2010) showed that girls aged 7 to 12 who received comfort during stress had lower cortisol levels, highlighting the role of social support in mitigating stress effects.

Answer 47

People can respond differently to the same event, leading psychologists to examine individual differences in stress responses. One key factor is a hardy personality, defined as the ability to thrive in challenging situations. Individuals with a hardy personality may cope better with stressors, mitigating their negative effects on health.

Answer 48

Kobasa (1979) identifies three key elements that enable individuals with hardy personalities to better handle stress: Control: They perceive themselves as in control of their lives and believe their actions can influence outcomes. Commitment: Hardy individuals have a sense of purpose, are curious about the world, and view negative situations as challenges, choosing to engage rather than isolate. Challenge: They see stress as an opportunity for growth, accept that change is a part of life, and learn from both successes and failures.

Answer 49

A hardy personality fosters resilience against stress by equipping individuals with effective coping strategies, such as self-care and social support. Those with a hardy personality tend to have lower physiological stress responses, including reduced blood pressure and heart rate, and experience fewer stress-related illnesses due to lower cortisol production.

Answer 50

Kobasa (1979) compared two groups of male businessmen using the SRRS and an illness survey. Group 1 experienced high stress but remained healthy, while Group 2 experienced high stress and fell ill. The healthy group exhibited hardy personalities. Maddi (1987) studied Bell Telephone Company employees facing redundancy and found that one-third with hardy personalities reported fewer stress-related illnesses, with hardiness proving more effective than other buffering factors like exercise or social support. Bartone (1999) researched soldiers, noting that those with hardy personalities were less likely to develop long-term PTSD or depression after combat.

Answer 51

Individuals with a hardy personality can identify and analyze stressful situations for resolution (hardy coping). They seek and provide social support (hardy social interaction) and maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle while engaging in relaxation (hardy self-care).

Answer 52

Some individuals avoid stress through distraction activities like gambling or overspending. They may feel victimized by those around them and often maintain a poor diet and low exercise levels.

Answer 53

Kobasa's (1979) study had a gender-biased sample of male businessmen, which may have skewed results, as outcomes could differ for females due to traditional roles. Shepherd (1991) noted inconsistent findings regarding gender, suggesting that hardiness might be less significant than gender itself. He found that the control and commitment aspects of hardiness predicted positive health outcomes for males but not for females. Additionally, hardiness was more impactful in older women with low stress levels.

Answer 54

Maddi (2013) argues that all three components of a hardy personality are necessary for a buffering effect against stress. Individuals high in control but lacking commitment or challenge are categorized as type-A personalities, characterized by competitiveness and hostility. Sandvik (2013) studied 21 Norwegian navy cadets during a stressful exercise, measuring hardiness scores and blood samples before and after. The cadets showed high hardiness, moderate commitment and control, but low challenge, which Sandvik termed "unbalanced." This imbalance contributed to greater immune system damage in response to stress, raising questions about the vulnerability associated with low challenge levels.

Answer 55

Funk (1987) highlighted the overlap between hardiness and neuroticism. While hardy individuals externalise blame (e.g., "If someone is angry, it's not my fault"), neurotic individuals internalise it (e.g., "I've been punished unfairly"). Those high in neuroticism dwell on their behaviour, focus on negativity, and exaggerate physical complaints. Low hardiness may reflect higher neuroticism rather than actual illness. Funk (1992) calls for further research into this relationship.

Answer 56

Hardiness is often measured through self-report, which can be unreliable due to social desirability bias. Funk (1992) recommends using dispositional resilience scales for a more consistent measure, as they assess hardiness alongside neuroticism and extraversion.

Answer 57

Type A individuals are competitive, impatient, and hostile, with a strong urgency to succeed. They show heightened stress responses and are more prone to health issues like coronary heart disease. Traits include impulsiveness, rapid speech/movement, and being workaholics. Self-assessment questions include: Do you feel pressed for time? Eat quickly? Get irritated easily? In contrast, Type B individuals are relaxed, calm, emotionally expressive, and flexible, with slower speech and movement.

Answer 58

Friedman observed people's behavior in a waiting room, noting that Type A individuals were restless, while Type B individuals were relaxed. Type A personalities are more prone to the fight-or-flight response, resulting in regular adrenaline spikes that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and lead to conditions like atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Rosenman (1976) conducted the Western Collaborative Group Study with 3,154 men aged 39-59 (gender bias present) to investigate this further. The study found that Type A individuals were more likely to develop heart disease—257 participants had heart disease, with 70% of them having a Type A personality. Type A individuals had higher blood pressure, cholesterol, and were more prone to heart attacks (12.8%) compared to Type B individuals (6%). Other studies, like the Framingham Heart Study, confirmed that Type A behavior was linked to a 75% higher risk of coronary heart disease over 10 years.

Answer 59

Goal-oriented: Type A individuals are motivated to achieve high standards and goals. Successful in work environments: Their drive makes them productive and effective employees. High standards: They set and strive to meet high expectations. Competitive: Type A personalities tend to be more competitive. Balanced traits: Many people exhibit a mix of Type A and Type B traits, allowing them to be both competitive and relaxed. Continuum approach: It’s more helpful to think of Type A and B as a continuum rather than separate categories.

Answer 60

Supporting Evidence for Type A Behaviour: Friedman (1975) study: Participants completed an unsolvable puzzle in a noisy environment, with a reward offered for completion. Stress response: Type A individuals appeared more stressed and annoyed compared to Type B. Adrenaline levels: Type A showed higher levels of adrenaline during the stress-inducing task but not under normal circumstances. Physiological impact: This supports the idea that Type A individuals have a stronger physiological response to stress, making them more prone to health problems.

Answer 61

Conflicting Evidence: Ragland (1988) study: Followed 257 participants from the Western Collaborative Group study for 22 years to examine long-term stress effects. No significant correlation: Excluding smoking and high cholesterol, Type A behaviour did not show a strong link to stress. Heart disease: Although Type A individuals were more likely to develop heart disease compared to Type B, they were also more likely to survive it. Possible confounding variable: Type A individuals may have adapted their stressed behaviour (through self-recognition) to reduce negative health impacts.

Answer 62

Original studies: Initially, Type A studies were conducted only on male participants, assuming traits like masculinity and competitiveness were male-associated. Baker (1984): Found that women exhibited similar Type A behaviour and autonomic arousal to stressors, experiencing the same negative health effects. Helman (1987): Argued that Type A behaviour is culturally biased, as the original studies were based in the USA. Western ideals of being a workaholic and competitive may not apply to Eastern cultures. Cultural relevance: The classification of Type A and B personalities may be specific to Western societies.

Answer 63

Hecker (1988): Re-examined cases from the Western Collaborative Group study. Hostility and heart disease: Found that hostility had the strongest relationship with coronary heart disease. Type A behaviour: This suggests that Type A behaviour is not uniform, with certain characteristics, like hostility, being more prominent and potentially more harmful than others.

Answer 64

Stress and emotion suppression: Type C individuals are linked to stress due to suppressing negative emotions. They tend to avoid arguments and prioritize helping others over their own needs, leading to health problems. Temoshok (1987): Suggested that suppressing emotions like anger can damage the immune system, making individuals more prone to cancer. Morris (1981): Found that women who expressed less anger had cancerous lumps, while those who expressed anger had non-cancerous lumps, supporting a link between cancer and suppressed anger. Grialdi (1997): Found no link between emotional suppression or fighting spirit and cancer. Instead, stressful events six months before a cancer diagnosis were more impactful.

Answer 65

Social Psychological 1: Life Events Major life events: Stress often stems from significant life changes, such as divorce, bereavement, or health problems. Adjustment: These events require changes in lifestyle, time, and energy to cope with. Psychic cost: The emotional toll of dealing with life events. Measurement: Researchers have developed scales to assess the impact of life events. Link to stress-related illnesses: There is a close relationship between life events and the onset of stress-related health issues.

Answer 66

Life Events: Definition: Life events are significant changes or transitions that require adjustment. Examples: Death of a spouse, divorce, marriage, retirement, jail time, pregnancy. Positive or negative: Life events can be either positive or negative, but both require major adjustments. Stress source: These events are key sources of stress due to the significant changes they bring. Health impact: Life events can lead to illness and other negative effects on health.

Answer 67

Measuring Life Events: Dr. Thomas Holmes: Investigated the link between stress and physical illness, initially studying tuberculosis (TB). Early research: Found that people who became ill had experienced an increase in "disturbing occurrences" in the two years prior to being admitted to a TB hospital (Hawkins et al., 1957). Holmes & Ray (1976): Developed the concept of life changes and created a tool to measure them. Development of SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale): Holmes and Ray drew up a list of life events based on their clinical experience and asked 394 participants to rate how much adjustment each event would require. Scale creation: The scale consisted of 43 items, each with a "life change unit" score. Examples: Death of a spouse (100M points), divorce (73), marriage (50), pregnancy (42). How it works: Participants tick off the events they’ve experienced over a set period, and the total score reflects the amount of life changes they've encountered. Impact of score: A score of 150+ increases the chance of stress-related illness by 30%. A score of 300+ increases the chance by 50%.

Answer 68

Several studies have used the SRRS and its variations to measure life events. These studies have been compared to outcomes such as stress and illness. Rahe (1970) explored the relationship between stress and illness using the SRRS.

Answer 69

Procedure: Researchers used a version of the SRRS, called the SRE (Schedule of Recent Experiences). Participants: 2,684 naval personnel serving on 3 US Navy cruisers. Process: Participants completed the SRE before leaving for a tour of duty. Follow-up: Illnesses experienced by the participants were recorded over the next 6-8 months.

Answer 70

Several studies have used the SRRS and its variations to measure life events. These studies have been compared to outcomes such as stress and illness. Rahe (1970) explored the relationship between stress and illness using the SRRS.

Answer 71

A significant positive correlation of +1.18 was found between stressful life events (measured by the SRE) and illness. As the number of life events increased, individuals were more likely to become ill. Both positive and negative events were included in the SRRS. It is the change (rather than the negativity) that is crucial in creating stress. The overall amount of "psychic" energy required to cope with life events is what contributes to stress.

Answer 72

Supporting Evidence: Sheldon Cohen et al. (1993) conducted a controlled study with 394 participants, giving them various questionnaires, including a life event scale. Participants were then exposed to the common cold virus and quarantined for monitoring. Findings: Higher life event scores were positively correlated with an increased risk of getting a cold. This suggests biological changes linked to stressful life events, making individuals more susceptible to infections. The study controlled for factors like age, weight, and health practices, reinforcing the relationship between stress and illness. Exclusion of personality factors further supported the significant effect of life changes on vulnerability to illness.

Answer 73

Correlation + Causation: A key issue with life change research is its correlational nature, which does not prove causation. Other factors may mediate the relationship between life events and stress-related illnesses. Katheryn Nucklles et al. (1972): Studied the impact of life changes on pregnant women, particularly complications during pregnancy. Findings: Life change scores alone were not linked to complications. However, when social support was considered, a clear relationship emerged. 90% of women with high life change but low social support experienced complications. 33% of women with high life change but high social support experienced complications. This suggests social support is an important intervening variable, influencing how life changes impact individuals.

Answer 74

Issues in Recall: The validity of SRRS research depends on people accurately recalling life events over a certain period (approx. a year), which may not always be reliable. Karen Raphael et al. (1981): Tested recall accuracy by asking women to report life events in monthly interviews. At the end of 10 months, they were asked to recall events. Findings: Only a quarter of events appeared on both lists. Conclusion: The checklist approach (like SRRS) is not reliable for studying health outcomes due to factors like social desirability bias. Suggests using detailed interview methods instead, though these are more time-consuming and harder to analyze.

Answer 75

Cultural Differences and Bias: The SRRS scale was developed in the USA, which may not reflect how other cultures react to life events. Yan-Ping Zheng & Keh-Ming Lin (1994): Studied the SRRS with Chinese participants. Findings: Death of a spouse was still rated as the most significant life change, but there were differences. Chinese participants rated death of a close family member as more stressful than divorce. Conclusion: The SRRS may have cultural bias, as stress perception differs across cultures based on beliefs and expectations.

Answer 76

Individual Differences: Major Issue: Life events are perceived differently by individuals, meaning their impact may vary. Hardy Personality: People with a hardy personality may cope better with stress, adapting more easily to stressful situations. Event Interpretation: Some events on the SRRS (e.g., getting a new mortgage) may have different meanings for different people. The reason for needing a mortgage (e.g., voluntary choice vs. forced due to job loss) will affect the stress experienced. The environment (better or worse) the person moves into could also alter the stress experienced. Therefore, the same life change unit (LCU) score may not always be appropriate as the stress caused will vary. Narrow Focus: The SRRS mainly focuses on events relevant to young adults (e.g., marriage, pregnancy). As a result, specific versions of the scale have been developed for different groups (students, elderly), but comparing results across groups becomes more difficult

Answer 77

Social Psychological Explanation 2: Daily Hassles Daily Hassles as a Source of Stress Major life events like divorce or bereavement are less frequent but extremely impactful. However, daily hassles—common, everyday stressors—are more frequent and have a significant impact on stress levels. Examples of daily hassles include arguing with a family member, misplacing something important, traffic delays, or technical issues like a malfunctioning laptop. Chekhov once said, "Any idiot can face a crisis, it is this day-to-day living that wears you out," suggesting that the repetitive, smaller stressors of daily life accumulate and can be more overwhelming over time. Psychologists argue that these small but constant hassles might be a better predictor of stress-related illnesses than rare but intense life events. Why Daily Hassles Matter Unlike life events, daily hassles are more frequent and often less acknowledged, but they can accumulate to affect mental and physical health significantly. Frequent stress from these daily struggles can lead to chronic stress responses, affecting overall well-being. This view shifts the focus from significant life events to the continuous, often unnoticed stress that builds up from small, everyday sources.

Answer 78

Hassles Definition: Minor irritations or everyday stressors that can trigger our stress response. Examples: Losing keys, wallet, or phone. Issues like traffic, noisy environments, or problems at work. These daily irritations are typically small but can accumulate and cause stress. For instance, misplacing important items or dealing with annoying situations causes immediate stress responses in the body. Uplifts Definition: Positive experiences that help counterbalance the negative effects of hassles. Examples: Receiving good news, getting a good night's sleep, or performing well in a test. Uplifts provide positive emotions and can help restore energy, making it easier to cope with the stress caused by daily hassles. Lazarus et al. (1980) stated, “Uplifts give us a break from hassles or give us the energy to sustain any coping strategies that we are using." Uplifts don't erase stress entirely but can help us feel more positive and resilient, improving our ability to manage challenges. The balance between daily hassles and uplifts is crucial for mental and physical well-beinReg. The more uplifts we experience, the less negative impact daily hassles have on us.

Answer 79

Key Findings: Research has demonstrated a strong relationship between daily hassles and illness. The connection between hassles and stress-related health issues appears to be more significant than the relationship between major life events and illness (study by Kanner). Procedures Design: Longitudinal design to compare the impacts of life events and daily hassles on stress. Participants: 100 participants, aged between 45 and 64. Data Collection: Participants completed the Hassles and Uplifts Scales (HSUP), which assessed daily hassles and uplifts over the previous month. This was done once a month for a total of 9 months. Additionally, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist was used to measure participants' mental health. The Brandburn Moral Scale was also used to assess emotional responses. This research showed how daily hassles, when accumulated, may have a more profound and lasting impact on an individual’s health and stress levels compared to major life events, demonstrating the significance of everyday stressors in health outcomes.

Answer 80

Findings Correlation: A significant negative correlation was found between the frequency of hassles and psychological well-being. Participants with fewer hassles reported higher levels of well-being. Key Results: Hassles were a better predictor of well-being than life events. Hassles were also a better predictor of well-being than uplifts. These findings suggest that everyday stressors (hassles) play a more significant role in impacting psychological well-being than major life events or even positive experiences (uplifts).

Answer 81

Accumulation Effect: The build-up of stressors over time can have a significant negative impact. Each individual hassle might not seem very stressful, but when many occur in close succession, they create an ongoing feeling of stress. This accumulation can lead to negative effects on mental health and well-being. Frequency and Nature: Hassles are often experienced daily, making them difficult to escape. Many of these stressors are related to work or family, two areas that are integral to daily life, meaning they are challenging to avoid or resolve. This constant exposure to stressors can intensify their negative effects.

Answer 82

Chronic Stress from Life Changes: Chronic stress caused by major life changes (e.g., divorce) can make individuals more vulnerable to the effects of daily hassles. As people experience ongoing stress, their resources (mental, emotional, and physical) become depleted. This depletion can make minor irritations (hassles) feel much harder to cope with. For example, someone going through a divorce may find it difficult to deal with a minor work problem that would normally be manageable. Life Events Creating Additional Hassles: Life events such as divorce may also create new hassles. For instance, a divorced person might face challenges like managing finances or caring for children alone, which adds to their daily stress load. These added stressors can amplify the overall impact of the oiginal life event.

Answer 83

Lack of Social Support Study by Gordon Flett et al (1999): 320 students were asked to read a story about someone who had experienced either a life event or daily hassle. Participants rated how much social support the person in the story would seek and receive. Those experiencing life events were rated as needing more and seeking more social support. This suggests that daily hassles may cause more issues not because people don't need help but because they do not seek or receive enough social support to cope with them. Common Hassles & Uplifts (Kanner et al, 1981) Top 5 Hassles: Concerned about weight (52.4%) Health of a family member (48.1%) Rising prices of common goods (43.7%) Home maintenance (42.8%) Too many things to do (38.6%) Top 5 Uplifts: Relating well with spouse or lover (76.3%) Relating well with friends (74.4%) Completing a task (73.3%) Feeling healthy (72.7%) Getting enough sleep (69.7%) Issues with Hassles Research Individual Differences: What one person sees as a hassle, another might perceive as an uplift, and vice versa. Age and cultural differences also likely influence how people experience and interpret daily hassles and uplifts.

Answer 84

Bouteyre et al (2007): Studied 233 French students transitioning from school to university. Found that 41% of the sample experienced depressive symptoms. Identified daily hassles as a significant risk factor for the development of depression. Leo Sher: Found that daily hassles correlated with increased cortisol levels in healthy individuals. This hormonal response was linked to depression in vulnerable individuals. The biological response to daily hassles may help explain the negative health effects associated with them. These studies support the idea that daily hassles contribute to negative health outcomes, both through psychological and biological pathways.

Answer 85

Aldwin et al (2014): Conducted a longitudinal study with 1,389 male participants, aged between 48-101 years old. Found that between 48-80 years old, participants experienced fewer hassles. This could be because older participants were more settled and experienced at dealing with daily challenges. However, as participants got older (above 80 years), there was a noticeable increase in hassles and a decrease in uplifts. The impact of hassles was more pronounced in older participants. New problems related to aging (e.g., health issues) seemed to make daily hassles more challenging to cope with. Fewer uplifts (positive events) in older age could exacerbate the stress caused by daily hassles. Conclusion: The study highlights that age plays a significant role in how daily hassles affect individuals. Older adults may experience more difficulty coping with daily stressors due to health-related issues and fewer opportunities for positive experiences (uplifts). It emphasizes the need to consider age when studying the effects of stress, particularly in research on daily hassles.

Answer 86

The Scale May Measure Psychiatric Problems, Not Hassles Dohrenwend et al (1984): Questioned the validity of the HSUP scale (hassles and uplifts scale) in predicting health changes. In their study, they asked 371 clinical psychologists to assess various instruments, including the HSUP scale. Found a significant overlap between items on the scale and symptoms of psychological disorders. For example, "not getting enough sleep" was listed as a hassle on the scale, but insomnia is also a common symptom of depression. This overlap suggests that a person scoring high on the hassles scale may actually be showing symptoms of a psychological disorder (such as depression), not just experiencing minor daily stressors. Conclusion: The hassle scale might actually be measuring psychiatric problems, rather than just daily stressors. This means that the correlation found between hassles and psychological issues (e.g., depression) might not indicate that hassles are causing the problem, but rather that people with psychological disorders tend to report more hassles due to their condition.

Answer 87

Beta Blockers: Primarily prescribed for heart conditions, beta blockers help to reduce blood pressure and alleviate physical stress symptoms. They are often used to manage the physical symptoms of stress and anxiety, such as: Rapid heart rate Trembling Sweating Commonly prescribed to individuals who experience performance anxiety (e.g., musicians, public speakers), as the symptoms of stress can negatively impact their performance. Effectiveness: Beta blockers can be effective in reducing the physical manifestations of stress, allowing individuals to perform better under stressful conditions. Ethical Considerations: While effective, the use of beta blockers raises ethical questions: Should it be considered unfair to use medication to alleviate performance anxiety, especially in competitive settings? Are there potential long-term consequences of relying on medication to cope with stress, instead of developing natural coping mechanisms?

Answer 88

When we experience stress, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated, leading to physical symptoms such as: Increased blood pressure Increased heart rate Shaking and sweaty palms These responses are part of the fight-or-flight reaction, preparing the body to deal with perceived threats. However, long-term activation of the SNS can result in negative effects, such as cardiovascular disorders (e.g., heart or vascular problems). Beta Blockers: Beta blockers work by blocking the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline, the hormones responsible for the body's stress response. These medications are beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents, which prevent adrenaline from binding to receptors in the heart and other muscles. When adrenaline binds to receptors, it typically causes the heart to beat faster and increases blood flow (e.g., in response to stress or exercise). By blocking these receptors, beta blockers reduce the physical symptoms of stress, such as heart rate and blood pressure, allowing the individual to feel calmer. Effects: Beta blockers do not eliminate anxiety but mask the outward signs of stress (e.g., shaking, voice tremor, sweating). They are particularly useful in acute stress situations, like public speaking, where physical symptoms can interfere with performance. While the individual may still feel anxious internally, the physical manifestations of anxiety are reduced, helping the person perform without the visible signs of stress. Usefulness: Beta blockers are particularly beneficial when stress is momentary (e.g., during a performance or a high-pressure presentation), providing short-term relief from the most distressing physical symptoms of anxiety.

Answer 89

Example: Propranolol Mechanism: These beta blockers block both Beta-1 (B1) and Beta-2 (B2) receptors. Impact: They affect adrenaline and noradrenaline in multiple areas of the body, not just the heart. Areas Affected: These blockers impact several organs, including the heart, kidneys, liver, and others, leading to broader physiological effects. Propranolol, for example, can reduce heart rate and blood pressure, but it may also cause side effects in other systems, such as respiratory difficulties or changes in blood sugar regulation, due to the effect on the Beta-2 receptors. Selective Beta Blockers: Example: Atenolol Mechanism: These are more selective in their action, blocking Beta-1 (B1) receptors primarily found in the heart. Impact: By targeting only the heart, selective beta blockers primarily reduce heart rate and cardiac output, without significantly affecting other parts of the body. Less Impact on Other Systems: Because they don't block Beta-2 receptors, they have fewer side effects on other organs like the lungs, making them generally safer for individuals with respiratory issues. Off-Label Use of Beta Blockers Primary Uses: Beta blockers are approved for conditions like: High blood pressure (Hypertension) Angina (chest pain related to heart disease) Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) Off-Label Use: Beta blockers are often prescribed off-label for conditions like anxiety. This means that they are not officially approved by the manufacturer for treating anxiety disorders. Off-label refers to the use of a medication for conditions other than those it was originally intended for. While there might not be official clinical trials for using beta blockers for anxiety, doctors can still prescribe them if they believe the benefits outweigh any potential risks. DosagUsee: When prescribed for anxiety, lower doses are typically used compared to those for treating heart conditions. In summary, non-selective beta blockers affect a wide range of bodily systems, while selective beta blockers are more focused on the heart. Despite being approved for heart-related issues, beta blockers can also be prescribed for anxiety, although this use is considered off-label.

Answer 90

Use by Musicians Many musicians experience stage fright or performance anxiety, which can hinder their ability to perform under pressure. The calming effects of beta blockers have made them a popular choice among musicians to manage this anxiety. Locke (1989) conducted a study involving over 2,000 musicians in a major US symphony orchestra. Findings: 27% of musicians reported using beta blockers to cope with performance anxiety. 19% of those musicians used them on a daily basis to manage stress or anxiety associated with their performances. Beta blockers help musicians by dampening the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, shaking hands, and sweating, allowing them to focus on their performance without these distractions. This can be particularly beneficial in high-pressure situations like live concerts or auditions.

Answer 91

Beta Blockers in Sports Beta blockers, while known for their anxiety-reducing effects, also improve the efficiency of the heart, which can be advantageous in sports that require precision, calmness, and control. Performance Enhancement: In addition to reducing anxiety, beta blockers help to lower heart rate and blood pressure, which can improve performance in activities that require steady hands and focus, such as archery, shooting, and golf. For example, they can help athletes maintain steady hands and avoid shaking during competitions. Banned Substance: Due to their performance-enhancing qualities, beta blockers were banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 2010 for use in all Olympic sports. 2015 Incident: A notable case occurred in 2015, when a top-ranked South African golfer tested positive for beta blockers. The golfer faced a two-year ban from the sport, but during his appeal, it was revealed that he had been prescribed beta blockers for anxiety related to his stutter, which made him self-conscious. The medication was used to help him manage his anxiety, not as a performance-enhancing drug. This case raised ethical questions about the use of beta blockers in sports, especially when they are prescribed for legitimate medical reasons, as opposed to simply enhancing performance.

Answer 92

Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines (commonly known as Librium or Valium) are another class of drugs used to treat stress and anxiety, often prescribed for those dealing with severe anxiety or stress. They work by enhancing the effect of a neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). How Benzodiazepines Work: Increased GABA Activity: GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity. Normally, it increases the flow of chloride ions into the neuron, which makes it more difficult for other neurotransmitters to stimulate the neuron. This results in calming effects on the brain and body. Relaxation & Calmness: By boosting GABA activity, benzodiazepines reduce anxiety and promote relaxation, helping individuals manage high stress or anxiety, particularly during acute or short-term crises. Uses: Short-Term Use: These drugs are typically prescribed for short-term management of stress or anxiety, especially during crises, and not for long-term treatment due to their potential for dependence. Side Effects: Drowsiness: A common side effect is drowsiness, which can impair judgment and cognitive functioning. Impaired Judgment: Due to their sedative effects, individuals using benzodiazepines may experience impaired decision-making and reduced motor coordination. Addiction and Withdrawal: Addictiveness: Benzodiazepines are known to be highly addictive, leading to a risk of misuse and dependence if used for prolonged periods. Slow Withdrawal: To minimize withdrawal symptoms and dependence, individuals are typically weaned off benzodiazepines gradually under medical supervision. In summary, benzodiazepines can be effective for managing severe stress and anxiety in the short term but come with the risk of addiction and side effects that require careful medical oversight.

Answer 93

Evaluation: Effectiveness of Beta Blockers in Stress Management Benefits on Performance and Self-Reported Stress Levels: Klaus Neftel et al (1982): Beta blockers (atenolol) reduced heart rate and improved performance in musicians, making them play more complex pieces accurately. Musicians reported less stage fright compared to those on a placebo. Schweizer et al (1991): Different beta blockers produced similar physical effects (lower heart rate). There were variations in self-reported stress levels among different beta blockers, suggesting the type of beta blocker may affect subjective stress relief. Benefits for Other Aspects of Stress: Schwabe et al (2011): Beta blockers prevented stress-induced habitual behaviors, maintaining goal-directed actions in stressed individuals. Participants on beta blockers exhibited behavior similar to non-stressed individuals, while those on placebo engaged in habits. Implication: Beta blockers could help in preventing harmful habits or distractions caused by stress, such as addiction or procrastination. Overall Conclusion: Beta blockers are effective in reducing physical symptoms of stress and improving performance in anxiety-inducing situations. Their effectiveness varies depending on the specific type of beta blocker used and the context. Beta blockers may help prevent stress-induced habitual behavior, showing potential benefits for those struggling with stress-related issues. Further research in real-world settings is needed to fully understand their applicability and limitations.

Answer 94

Criticism of Long-Term Effectiveness: Beta blockers target physical symptoms of stress (e.g., heart rate, shaking) but do not address the psychological or emotional aspects. They are effective for specific, short-term situations (e.g., public speaking, performance) but do not resolve underlying stress causes. Limitations: Irrational thinking or personality traits (e.g., Type A personality) may continue to drive stress, as beta blockers don’t address cognitive or emotional factors. They are less effective in managing chronic stress (e.g., ongoing relationship problems or bereavement). Need for Complementary Psychological Therapies: Psychological therapies like Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) offer long-term coping strategies by addressing the root causes of stress and helping individuals manage stress in various contexts. Beta blockers may be useful for acute stress situations but fall short for sustained stress. Conclusion: Beta blockers are effective in reducing physical symptoms of stress but are not a comprehensive solution for long-term stress management. For sustained stress, a combination of therapeutic approaches and lifestyle changes may be more effective.

Answer 95

Ethical Implications of Beta Blockers Use Side Effects: Beta blockers typically have mild and temporary side effects, including: Dizziness Diarrhea Nausea Blurred vision Cold hands and feet Sleep disturbances Shortness of breath (in individuals with asthma) Comparison to Other Anti-Anxiety Drugs: Minimal side effects compared to drugs like benzodiazepines which are often more sedating and have higher addiction potential. Risks of Sudden Discontinuation: Discontinuing suddenly can cause issues such as heart palpitations or a rise in blood pressure due to the body’s reliance on the drug to slow down the sympathetic response. Psychological Dependence: There is a risk of psychological dependence, where individuals may feel they cannot cope without the drug, which can create a reliance on medication for managing stress and anxiety.

Answer 96

Ethical Concerns: The use of beta blockers by musicians or athletes raises ethical questions as they are often banned in most sports. Performance Enhancement Debate: Some argue that beta blockers do not enhance performance in the same way as substances like steroids. Rather, they prevent anxiety from interfering with performance, which can be seen as allowing the individual to perform at their best without the disruptive effects of stress. Ethical Acceptability: From this perspective, using beta blockers may be seen as ethically acceptable, as they are not altering the physical capabilities of the individual but simply eliminating the anxiety that might hinder their natural ability.

Answer 97

Off-Label Use: Beta blockers prescribed for stress and anxiety are off-label because they have not been licensed for this specific use. This means the drugs have not undergone the same rigorous approval process for treating anxiety or stress. Lack of Long-Term Research: Limited research exists on the long-term effects of using beta blockers for these purposes. Therefore, their safety and efficacy in managing stress or anxiety are not well-established in clinical settings. Prevalence of Off-Label Use: Hsiang-Wien Lin et al. (2006) reported that about 52% of beta blocker prescriptions were off-label, highlighting the widespread practice but also signaling potential risks. Dilemmas for Health Professionals: The off-label prescription creates ethical and legal challenges for healthcare providers, including concerns about valid consent from patients who may not be fully informed about the off-label nature of the treatment. Potential Legal Risks: Wittich et al. (2012) pointed out that prescribing beta blockers off-label could open health professionals and drug companies to potential lawsuits, especially if adverse side effects occur and patients have not been adequately informed about the risks.

Answer 98

Increase in Prescriptions: According to the Primary Care Health and Social Care Information Centre (2014), prescriptions for the beta blocker propranolol increased by 7% between 2012 and 2013. This rise may be linked to a growing incidence of heart-related problems. Concerns About Over-Prescription: Some medical professionals are concerned that beta blockers are being overprescribed for stress and anxiety. This may be due to a lack of accessible psychological treatments and the increasing prevalence of anxiety as a societal issue. Cost and Accessibility of Psychological Therapies: As psychological therapies become more expensive and less accessible, beta blockers might be seen as a cheaper, more immediate alternative. However, this approach doesn't address the root causes of stress and may only provide temporary relief without fostering long-term coping strategies. Limitations of Beta Blockers: While beta blockers can reduce the physical symptoms of anxiety and stress, they do not address the psychological causes. This raises concerns about their effectiveness as a long-term solution.

Answer 99

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) Psychological Approach to Stress Management: SIT is a psychological approach that focuses on changing thought processes and perceptions of stress rather than targeting biological processes, as seen in drug treatments. It is a form of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), aimed at increasing resilience and teaching individuals how to cope with future stress. Core Goal of SIT: The main aim is to inoculate individuals against future stress by teaching them coping strategies and boosting their confidence in dealing with stress. Donald Meichenbaum (1985 + 2007): Donald Meichenbaum is a key figure in the development of SIT, known for his work with victims of Hurricane Katrina, the Oklahoma bombing (1993), and Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan. He described SIT as preparing individuals for stress before it occurs, much like a vaccination protects against diseases. The Process of SIT: The individual is exposed to minor stressors that help them develop coping mechanisms. The stressors should be moderate, enough to activate defenses but not cause negative psychological effects. Effectiveness: By exposing individuals to controlled stress experiences, they become more resilient and better prepared for future, more challenging stressors. The idea is that by preparing people for stress, they will be better equipped to handle it when it arises in the future.

Answer 100

Transactional Model of Stress: This model highlights how stress is not just about the stressor itself, but how an individual perceives it and their belief in their ability to cope with it. Perception of coping ability is key: Do individuals feel they have the resources and capability to manage the stressor? SIT aims to change this perception, giving individuals the tools to view stressors differently, leading to more effective coping strategies. Constructive Narrative Perspective (CNP): CNP suggests that individuals are storytellers who construct personal narratives about themselves and their experiences. These stories influence how they perceive and cope with stress. In SIT, individuals are encouraged to become more aware of maladaptive behaviors, such as: Repetitively thinking about negative experiences or failures. Failure to seek social support when needed. Through this awareness, SIT helps individuals reshape their narrative to adopt a more constructive approach when dealing with stress. This shifts how they approach future stressful situations.

Answer 101

The Process of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) Overview: SIT is a flexible therapy tailored to the individual’s unique stressors, coping abilities, and needs. It typically involves 8-15 sessions, with follow-up sessions if needed. SIT can be used for a wide range of stress-related issues, including medical patients preparing for surgery, people with anxiety disorders, life changes (e.g., new schools or jobs), and professionals (e.g., nurses, military personnel). Three Overlapping Phases of SIT: Conceptualization (Phase 1): Building the relationship between client and trainer. Increase awareness of the stressor’s nature and impact. Evaluate existing coping strategies and resources. Reconceptualize the stressor, breaking it down into smaller, manageable components. Skill Acquisition and Rehearsal (Phase 2): Acquire new coping skills and refine existing ones. Identify and address barriers preventing effective use of strategies. Practice the strategies in a clinical setting before applying them to real-life situations. Generalize coping techniques to various stress-inducing contexts. Application and Follow-Through (Phase 3): Practice applying coping skills to progressively more demanding situations. Use techniques such as imagery, modeling, and role-playing. Focus on preventing relapse, viewing relapses as learning opportunities. Booster sessions may be scheduled to ensure effective use of techniques long-term.

Answer 102

Overview: MBSR is an alternative psychological approach to modifying stress behavior. It focuses on mindfulness, which is about being present and paying attention to the current moment, rather than dwelling on the past or worrying about the future. Developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn in the late 1970s. Unlike other approaches that aim to fix or solve the problem of stress, MBSR focuses on making individuals more aware of the impact stress has on their body, emotions, and thoughts. Key Features: It is part of a positive approach, encouraging a non-judgmental, mindful awareness. MBSR does not focus on problem-solving stress but rather on acknowledging it and cultivating awareness of stress. This approach has gained support as a helpful method in addressing the challenges of stress in today’s society. Research & Evidence: Alberto Chersai and Alessandro Serretti (2009) conducted a meta-analysis, which found positive effects of MBSR on reducing stress levels. The Mindful Nation UK Report (2015) found that mindfulness training helped reduce absenteeism in the workplace, highlighting its effectiveness in organizational settings.

Answer 103

Studies on Effectiveness: Teri Saunders et al. (1996): Reviewed 38 studies on the effectiveness of SIT in the workplace. Found that SIT is effective in enhancing performance under stress and reducing anxiety. Effectiveness was consistent regardless of the trainer’s experience or the setting. Beneficial for both high anxiety and low anxiety groups. Richard Sheehy & John Horan (2004): Examined the impact of SIT on anxiety, stress, and academic performance of first-year law students. Participants received 4 weekly sessions of SIT, each lasting 90 minutes. Results showed that all participants who received SIT displayed low levels of anxiety and stress over time. Conclusion: These studies support SIT as an effective approach to reducing stress and anxiety, enhancing performance across various settings, and promoting emotional resilience.

Answer 104

Potential for Distress: Some elements of SIT may cause distress, such as asking clients to rehearse situations that they find stressful. This could lead to temporary psychological harm during therapy sessions. However, compared to drug therapies, SIT offers more long-term benefits by teaching coping strategies. Balance of Benefits and Costs: The small amount of stress experienced during the therapeutic process may be outweighed by the greater gains in managing stress in everyday life. The long-term coping mechanisms gained through SIT may make the temporary discomfort worthwhile. SIT in the Military: SIT has been adapted for military personnel, where individuals are exposed to various stressors to prepare them for high-stress situations. Giora Keinan & Nehemia Friedland (1996) argued that this adaptation might prevent the effective acquisition of coping skills, as it could overwhelm trainees and result in feelings of despair. A review of SIT in the military found that special forces personnel were well-prepared to deal with acute stress (e.g., battlefield situations) but were less prepared for chronic stress (e.g., family life problems). Conclusion: SIT may cause temporary distress, but its long-term benefits for managing stress in daily life generally outweigh these risks. The adaptation of SIT for military use raises concerns, as it may not effectively address chronic stress, suggesting that a more tailored approach might be needed in such high-stress environments.

Answer 105

Effectiveness Across a Range of Stressors: SIT has been shown to be effective in managing a wide variety of stressors, making it a versatile and potentially beneficial intervention for society. Addressing Societal Stress: Donald Meichenbaum (2007) emphasizes the increasing need for effective interventions to combat stress, especially given the growing range of stressors society now faces, including: Poverty Violence Terrorism SIT offers a preventative approach by helping individuals become more resilient to stress before it escalates, thus contributing to mental well-being in society. Broader Social Impact: By equipping people with coping strategies, SIT can help alleviate the societal burden of stress-related issues, such as mental health problems, absenteeism, and reduced productivity, improving the overall quality of life for individuals and communities. Conclusion: SIT’s application to a wide range of stressors could play an essential role in societal well-being, offering a promising solution in an increasingly stressful world. Its adaptability and preventative nature make it a valuable tool in combating the negative effects of modern-day stressors.