Stress Flashcards
a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation
Stress
Stress is a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that “demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize
Emotional Stress
environmental conditions that require behavioral adjustment
Environmental stress
How you react to what happens
Physiological Stress
Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale
Connects recent stress (Life units) to susceptibility to illness
3 types of stress
acute
episodic
chronic
How does the body react to modern stressors (psychological, interpersonal)?
As if we are still facing a physical threat (bear)
3 systems maintain homeostasis within the body in response to stress
Nervous system
Endocrine System
Immune system (depressed)
Fast response to stress is mediated by what axis
Sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM)
Slow response to stress is mediated by what axis?
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
“Rest and relaxation” part of the ANS
Parasympathetic
Actions of parasympathetic nervous system
- release Ach
- decrease HR and BP
- decrease glycogenolysis
- pupillary constriction
- Increased GI activity
“Fight or Flight” part of ANS
Sympathetic Nervous System
Actions of sympathetic Nervous system
Release of norepinephrine & epinephrine
Increased heart rate & blood pressure
Increased respiratory rate and bronchial dilation
Increased glycogen to glucose in liver
Increased pupil diameter
Decreased GI activity
what are the 3 responses to physical stress
fight
flight
freeze
Which axis does this describe and is the fast or slow response?
1. Activation of HPA axis with release of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus
2. Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
3. Stimulates the release of CORTISOL from the adrenal cortex
HPA Axis
Slow Response
What are the 3 effects of Cortisol
- Immune Response
- Stress Response
- Regulation of Metabolism
Cortisol induces what due to its immune response
Induce cell death of proinflammatory T cells
Suppress B cell antibody production
Reduce neutrophil migration during inflammatory response
Cortisol induces what due to its stress response
Slow response to acute threat, allowing the body to stay on high alert
Cortisol enhances the activity of glucagon and epinephrine
Cortisols regulation of metabolism
Increase availability of blood glucose to brain
Increase gluconeogenesis in the liver
Increase of protein degradation by muscle cells
Increase in lipolysis in adipose tissue release of glycerol and free fatty acids
Acts on pancreas to decrease insulin and increase glucagon
the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism despite the changes that occur in the external environment.
Homeostasis
the process of achieving stability through physiologic and behavioral changes, controlling internal viability amid changes in the outside environment
Allostasis
What occurs with homeostasis
regulation of pH, temperature, ion concentration
what occurs with allostasis
alterations of ANS due to chronic stress
HPA axis hormones
Continual exposure to stressors and chronic physiological responses increase what?
allostatic load
Manifestations of Allostatic Overload
Decreased immune functions
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Increase platelet reactivity
Abdominal obesity
Bone demineralization
Atrophy of neurons in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
Increased activity of amygdala
Decreased immune functions in Allostatic Overload results in what
Increased susceptibility to illness
HTN in Allostatic Overload results in what
Heart Disease/Stroke
Atherosclerosis in Heart Disease in allostatic overload results in what
heart disease
Increase platelet reactivity in allostatic overload results in what
thrombosis
Abdominal obesity in allostatic overload results in what
heart disease and/or diabetes
Bone demineralization in allostatic overload results in
osteoporosis
Atrophy of neurons in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in allostatic overload results in
problems with memory/cognitive decline
Increased activity of amygdala in allostatic overload results in what
anxiety
depression
Techniques to manage stress
exercise
mindfulness
autogenics
hypnosis
