Stress

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

level of constancy maintained by body during time of change. a steady, dynamic state.

Question 2

3 structures of the brain that are responsible for maintaining homeostasis

Answer 2

medulla oblongata, pituitary gland, reticular formation

Question 3

negative feedback

Answer 3

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus.

Question 4

positive feedback

Answer 4

a type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change.

Question 5

adaptive response

Answer 5

mild, brief, controllable periods of stress that are positive and stimulate growth.

Question 6

maladaptive response

Answer 6

severe, protracted, uncontrolled physical or psychological stresses that are disruptive to health

Question 7

3 stages of adaptation – Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 7

alarm, resistance, exhaustion or recovery

Question 8

alarm stage

Answer 8

generalized stimulation of the SNS and HPA axis. Body senses stress, the CNS arouses and the body releases chemicals to initiate fight-or-flight response. Release of catecholamines and cortisol.

Question 9

resistance stage

Answer 9

body selects most efficient and effective channel of defense. body responds to stressor and attempts to return to homeostasis.

Question 10

exhaustion stage

Answer 10

occurs if stressor is prolonged or overwhelms ability of body to defend itself. resources are depleted and signs of systemic damage appear. severe immunodeficiency/suppression due to prolonged stress. end-organ dysfunction (renal failure, heart failure). onset of disease.

Question 11

immune system response to stress

Answer 11

sustained cortisol release causes decrease in immune function.

Question 12

hypothalamus

Answer 12

controls and coordinates ANS and endocrine system

Question 13

SNS fight or flight response

Answer 13

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released, both attach to adrenergic receptors on cells, both drugs increase blood glucose. vasoconstrict, inc. HR & force of contraction, bronchodilate lungs. bloodflow to skin, gut, and kidneys reduced. skin becomes pale. urine production decreases. GI activity decreases.

Question 14

HPA axis

Answer 14

hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal

Question 15

cortisol

Answer 15

key hormone to stress response, helps terminate stress. causes: inc. blood glucose, CNS arousal, low immune response, dec. kidney function

Question 16

physiologic reserve

Answer 16

ability of most organs to increase function to meet need

Question 17

anatomic reserve

Answer 17

paired organs

Question 18

factors affecting the ability to adapt to stress:

Answer 18

coping strategies, time, genetics, age, health status, nutritional status, sleep-wake cycle

Question 19

acute stress

Answer 19

time limited. headache, cold moist skin, stiff neck, inc. HR, inc. alertness. complications with preexisting disease.

Question 20

chronic stress

Answer 20

when original stimulus is prolonged or of overwhelming magnitude. lined to many health disorders of CV, GI, immune, neuro, psych systems, etc.

Question 21

stress related disorders

Answer 21

infections, HTN, CAD, asthma, renal failure, autoimmune disorders

Question 22

nonpharm treatment

Answer 22

relaxation, music, massage, biofeedback

Question 23

pharm treatment

Answer 23

anti-anxiety meds

Question 24

ptsd

Answer 24

post-traumatic stress disorder. chronic activation of stress response secondary to severe trauma. intrusive thoughts, avoidance. exaggerated SNS activation.

Question 25

example of negative feedback

Answer 25

increased blood sugar –> insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high