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Criminology > Strain Theory (Week 5) > Flashcards

Strain Theory (Week 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of strain theory?

A
  • the general strain theory
  • the anomie strain theory
  • relative depravation
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2
Q

What is the definition of crime?

A

Natural
Violation of general societies’ consensus
Essentially SOCIAL phenomenon
Relates to nature of society

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3
Q

What should be the response to crime?

A

Provide more opportunities
Reduce strain
Re socialise offender

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4
Q

What are three branches of theory of strain?

A

Social ecology (social disorganisation and built environment)

Opportunity theory (disjuncture with societal goals and individual means to attain those goals)

Subcultural theory (group responses to strain from inequality and marginalisation)

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5
Q

What the the operation of the CJS?

A

Neutral - individual rehab - with social programs

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6
Q

What is the nature of the offender?

A

Determined by social pathology

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7
Q

How is society characterised?

A

By collective conscience
Structured around division of labour
Cohesion built by defining criminal behaviour

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8
Q

What is the cause of crime?

A

Social strain (opp. structures)
Learned behaviour
Result of social disjuncture or strains in society
Linked to division of labour and collective conscience

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9
Q

What is the focus of analysis of strain theory?

A

Structure of opportunities
Nature of social learning
Youth subcultures

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10
Q

How can crime be prevented?

A

Expanding opportunities

Fostering healthy peer group activity

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11
Q

What are some responses to strain acc’ Merton?

A 
Conformism 
Innovation 
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
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12
Q

How is crime learned?

A
  • technique
  • motivations
  • rationalisation (redefine legal code within subculture)
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13
Q

What does Durkheim say about suicide?

A

Rates acc’ to countries predominant religious orientation. THEREFORE can’t be explained in terms of indiv’ choices or psychological factors RATHER is social phenomenon

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14
Q

What is an example of shaw and McKays social ecology and disorganisation theory?

A 
Immigration settlement patterns in U.S. Cities
Successive waves linked to crime
Settling = chaos/tensions 
Like minded indiv' associate 
Economic deprivation 
Pushes delinquent acts
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15
Q

How is crime seen in strain theory in summary?

A

As normal, committed by normal people in abnormal situations

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16
Q

What does derkeim say crime is?

A

A social process (anomie and social solidarity)

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17
Q

Where does shaw and McKay say crime comes from?

A

Disorganisation of poor, and a lack of cohesive identity in society

18
Q

What does Merton say is the cause of crime?

A

A disjunction or difference between goals and desires and a means to achieve or attain those goals

19
Q

What does Sutherland and Cressy say is the cause of crime?

A

Social interactions (learned technique, motivation and rationalisation from criminal associations)

20
Q

What does Cohen and cloward and ohlin say about the cause of sub-cultural formation?

A

It is a response to lack of opportunities supplied by society to working class youth

21
Q

What does Agnew see as important with criminality?

A

The lack of opportunities + alienation + criminal behaviour (important relationship/cause of crime)
He looks at circumstances of criminalisation

22
Q

What does Cohen see crime as?

A

A collective behaviour

Different aspirations of indiv’ who have experienced or lived in other classes and systems

23
Q

What does Matza say about crime them?

A

That ultimately the response of youth is to form own excitement

24
Q

Who say all classes have the same goals and what are they?

A

Cloward and Ohlin ($$$)

25
Q

Who links environment and the nature and extent of crime?

A

Shaw and McKay

26
Q

Which theorist and what relates to GST?

A 
Agnew: strain = crime 
More so if indiv' thinks that strain is 
- insurmountable
- unjust
- subject to limited social control 
- person is subject to (-ve)pressure
27
Q

Are you gonna flipped ace this exam?

A

Hell yes

28
Q

Derkeims anomie strain theory influenced who and what?

A

Merton, and his theory of general depravation

29
Q

What does general deprivation theory say causes crime?

A

gaps between:
What told should desire
vs.
what actually able to achieve (through legit pursuits)

30
Q

What is anomie?

A

Lack of social regulation
Where norm-lessness abounds
High anomie =conscience collective weakened or failure to ensure society members have internalised rules of conduct

31
Q

What constitutes a disfunctional society acc’ to Durkeim?

A

Overemphasis of egoism (each endeavouring for personal interest)

32
Q

What are the five propositions of crime by Durkeim?

A 
Crime is normal 
Crime is functional 
Crime marks boundaries of public toleration and morality
Punishment sustains social cohesion
Sign of social health
33
Q

Who says crime appears in all classes and levels?

A

Merton (armed robbery, tax evasion)

34
Q

Crime is a result of an offender having….

A

Inadequate/inappropriate means to achieve goals relative to others in society

35
Q

A criminal and their activities are seen as…

A

A product of specific kind of social order
Determined by wider societal forces
Have few conscious choices re: avail options

36
Q

The source of strain is?

A 
From society (not indiv)
Associated with structural opportunities and cultural processes
37
Q

Broadly speaking strain theory:

A

Sees crime: violation of general consensus and is social phenomenon
Sees strain: as creator of pressure, which necessitates coping behaviours (some are deviant under some circumstances)

38
Q

What about limitations?

A

Crime for the thrill of it
Crime not driven by $$$ or material gain
Crime with no strain

39
Q

What are the types of strain acc to Agnew?

A 
Vicarious
Anticipated 
Loss of positively valued stimuli
Loss of legal avenue to attain goal
Experience of negatively valued stimuli
40
Q

The people who are incapable to positively react to to strain are more likely to commit crime since they experience:

A
  • high level of criminal coping skills
  • high level of criminal social associations
  • low level of support or role models
  • low social control
  • exposure to crimes with high benefit and low costs
41
Q

Critique of strain theory?

A

Accepts status quo too quickly - rather than seeing goals of society as moulded by those in power - sees goals as genuine consensus - when there are those who disagree - such as church arguing against materialistic goals of society

Criminology (6 decks)

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