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Stomach Infections > Stomach Infections > Flashcards

Stomach Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between a microbiome and microbiota

A

Microbiome = refers to all the genome within the gut environment

Microbiota = refers to the organisms within the gut environment

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2
Q

What are some functions of gut microbiota?

A
  • pathogen inhibition
  • immune protection
  • nutrient metabolism (Vitamins B +K)
  • Drug metabolism
  • Gut Brain axis
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3
Q

What is the significance of mode of delivery and early life diet on microbiota?

A

If you are born vaginally = colonises different bacteria e.g. lactobacillus or prevotella

If you are born C-section =
Colonises staphylococcus, corynebacterium

Formula milk also colonises different bacteria e.g. C.difficile

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4
Q

How do you approach taking a history from someone with a GI infection?

A

Presenting complaint

  • Diarrhoea (onset, duration, frequency, consistency )
  • Vomiting (onset, frequency)
  • Pain (site, does it radiate, intermittent)

PMH
-immunodeficiency?

TRAVEL HISTORY (very important)

  • where
  • activities
  • food and drink
  • companions?

Drug history

  • laxatives
  • PPIs

Social occupation
- occupation (risk of others?)

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5
Q

Different investigations of stool sample

A
  1. Stool culture
    - use selective anger - prevents normal bacteria growing
    —e.g. E.coli, salmonella, shigella
  2. Enzyme immunoassay
    - C. Difficile
  3. PCR (only do if need to test for specific bacteria - can only do one at a time)
    - norovirus, clostridioiles
  4. Microscopy (only do if travel history)
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6
Q

Difference between watery and inflammatory diarrhoea

A

Watery

  • small bowel origin
  • large volume
  • accompanied w/ bloating

Inflammatory

  • invasive bacterial infections
  • smaller volume
  • pain when opening bowels
  • blood can be present
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7
Q

Salmonella types and features

A

Broad range of infections
- gastroenteritis, enteric fever, endovascular infections

Divided into typhoidal (enteric fever) or non-typhoidal——

Non

  • 8-72 hours incubation period
  • faecal-oral, food, animals
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8
Q

Salmonella symptoms, complications and treatment

A

Symptoms

  • Diarrhoea (inflammatory)
  • nausea/vomiting
  • ab. Cramps

Complications

  • abscesses
  • septic arthritis
  • bacteraemia

Treatment

  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Ceftriazone
  • Azithromycin
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9
Q

Campylobacter general features

A
  • incubation period - 3 days

- transmission = food, water, animals

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10
Q

Campylobacter two types of bacteria that cause infection

A

Found in GI tract of animals

  • campylobacter jejuni
  • campylobacter coli
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11
Q

Campylobacter treatment, complications and symptoms

A

Symptoms

  • ab. Cramps
  • diarrhoea (inflammatory)
  • fever/malaise
  • bacteraemia

Treatment (usually self limiting - might need antibiotics if immunocompromised

  • macrolides
  • fluroquinolones

Complications

  • reactive arthritis
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome (ascending paralysis)
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12
Q

Shigella general features

A

Incubation period = 1-7 days

Transmission
- deacon-oral, food water, person to person

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13
Q

General bacteria’s of shigella

A

Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri

-can cause bloody diarrhoea

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14
Q

Shigella symptoms, treatment, complications

A

Symptoms
- fevers, frequent low vol, bloody stools (inflammatory)
- tenesmus
—————NO nausea

Treatment (in immunosuppressive host)

  • ciprofloaxin
  • ceftriazone
Complications 
Systemic 
- seizures (in children)
- reactive arthritis 
- Haemolytic uraemia syndrome

intestinal

  • rectal prolapse
  • perforation
  • obstruction
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15
Q

Type of E.coli causing diarrhoea

A

STEC - El.coli O157

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16
Q

E.coli features, symptoms, what makes it worse, at risk patients

A

Incubation period
- 1-10 days

At risk

  • children
  • Elderly

Symptoms

  • painful bloody stools (inflammatory)
  • NO fever
  • HUS (haemolytic uraemic syndrome)

WORSENED BY ANTIBIOTICS

17
Q

What is HUS (haemolytic uraemic syndrome)characterised by?

A
  • non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • acute kidney injury (RBC lysed by toxin, tiny clots form, blocks renal vessels)
18
Q

C. Difficile general features

A

Anaerobes -ve

Faecal-oral route
- ANTIBIOTICS disrupt normal flora of gut

Produces spores - very resistance - remain in environment for long time (to killed with hand gel)

19
Q

C. Difficile risk factors, complications, treatments, what is it the main cause of?

A

Main cause of antibiotics associated colitis

Risk factors

  • old
  • antibiotic therapy
  • PPI
  • hospitalisation

Complications

  • toxic mega colon colitis
  • perforation

Treatment

  • oral vancomycin (stays in gut)
  • metronidazole
20
Q

Norovirus

A

Symptoms
- diarrhoea (watery) - vomiting

Faeco-oral, direct contact, aerosols

Incubation = 12-48 hrs

Self limiting - resolve in 1-2 days

Highly infectious - causes outbreaks

21
Q

Rotavirus

A

Decreased incidence since vaccine

Incubation period = <48hrs

  • diarrhoea (watery)
  • vomiting
  • fever

Supportive treatment

Complications

  • seizures
  • encephalopathy
22
Q

What is an important cause of gastroenteritis in young children?

A

Rotavirus

23
Q

Cryptosporidium bacteria and type of parasite

A

I.C. Protozoan parasite

Cryptosporidium parvum

24
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Water associated outbreaks (can last for months and not killed by chlorine)
Cattle transmission

Self limiting
- chronic illness in immunocompromised patients

Incubation period = 7-10 days

Treatment
- nitazoxanide

25
Q

Giardia general features and bacteria

A

Infective cysts that contaminate water, food
- associated with sporadic/epidemic infection in travel, childcare setting, streams in country side

-CF patients at risk

Protozoan parasite
- Giardia duodenalis

26
Q

Giardia symptoms, treatment

A 
Symptoms 
- malaise 
- steatorrhoea 
- ab. Cramps
 Can persist as chronic - meal absorption = weight loss

Treatment

  • metronidazole
  • nitazoxanide
27
Q

Entamoeba histolytica general features

A

Mature cysts

  • protozoan parasite
  • can cause extra-intestinal infections (majority assymptomatic)
  • can protrude into blood vessels in large bowel

risk factors

  • young
  • steroids
  • pregnancy
  • malignancy

Incubation period
- 2wks— years

Transmission
- food water HIGHLY TRANSMISSABLE

28
Q

Entamoeba histolytica symptoms and treatment

A

Symptoms

  • diarrhoea
  • ab.pain
  • colitis with necrosis = perforation = can mimic IBD CHECK WHICH ONE IT IS as treatment for IBD can make this worse

Treatment
- metronidazole followed by intraluminal cysts

29
Q

Give some examples of infection prevention and control

A
  • contact precautions e.g. masks, aprons, gloves
  • isolate patient
  • hand hygiene
  • terminal cleaning of patients area after discharge

Stomach Infections (1 decks)

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