STIs

Question 1

Dysuria

Answer 1

pain or discomfort when urinating

Question 2

Cervicitis

Answer 2

inflammation of the cervix

Question 3

Dysmenorrhoea

Answer 3

painful menstrual bleeding (commonly abdominal cramps)

Question 4

Dyspareunia

Answer 4

Painful sexual intercourse

Question 5

Post-coital bleeding

Answer 5

Bleeding after sexual intercourse

Question 6

Epididymo-orchitis

Answer 6

Inflammation of the epididymis and/or testes

Question 7

Proctitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of the lining of the rectum, causing pain and/or the feeling of needing to pass a stool

Question 8

Chlamydia

Answer 8

Chlamydia is a gram negative non-motile obligate intracellular parasite that is transmitted by sexual contact.
This means:
That they can only grow inside living cells and cannot be cultured on artificial media, for example, on an agar plate
Lack particular metabolic enzymes responsible for the production intracellular energy, and therefore must parasite energy from host cells
Chlamydias are susceptible to tetracyclines and macrolides and antibiotic resistance is not commonly reported.

Question 9

Chlamydia psittaci, that is, psittacosis or parrot fever

Answer 9

Infects mostly birds but can transfer from birds to humans.

Question 10

Chlamydia pecorum, that is, koala infection.

Answer 10

Can also infect other mammals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs.

Question 11

Chlamydia pneumonia

Answer 11

causes respiratory infection in humans which can progress to pneumonia.

Question 12

Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 12

Serological analysis shows that different serotypes cause different conditions:

Serotypes A, B, C cause an eye infection called trachoma
Serotypes D to K cause genital and associated anogenital infections
Serotypes L 1 , L2 & L3 cause lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

Question 13

Women with Chlamydia

Answer 13

Urethritis, dysuria, frequency
.Abnormal vaginal discharge
Cervicitis. Chlamydial cervicitis is indistinguishable from other causes of cervical infection on clinical examination. Signs and symptoms often go unrecognised.
Intermenstrual and post-coital bleeding
Pelvic pain
Dyspareunia and increased dysmenorrhoea
Intermenstrual bleeding or 'spotting'
Pelvic inflammatory disease(PID).Approximately 10-15% of cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in women are complicated by pelvic infection. Tubal damage as a result can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

Question 14

Men with Chlamydia

Answer 14

Asymptomatic infection: 50% of males are asymptomatic
Most typically with dysuria and /or mucoid, watery or mucopurulent discharge 1-3 weeks after exposure. Urethritis is a common symptom of any STI in men and Chlamydial urethritis is often indistinguishable from other causes of urethritis on clinical examination.
Epididymoorchitis is seen occasionally as a complication
Proctitis

Question 15

Mucopurulent

Answer 15

discharge of fluid, contains mucus and pus

Question 16

Gonorrhoea

Answer 16

Gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) affects both men and women and is often asymptomatic. Failure to treat can cause long lasting problems, such as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and infertility in both males and females. Treatments consists of antibiotics.
Applied bacteriology
Neisseria gonorrhoea (N. gonorrhoea) is a Gram-negative diplococcus: in stained smears of exudate. It looks like two opposed pink jellybeans inside pus cells. The morphology of the organism is similar to N. meningitidis (meningitis) and N. catarrhalis that are associated with throat infections.

Biology of N. gonorrhoea
Grows on columnar epithelial surfaces, and not inside cells as does chlamydia. Can be cultured on chocolate agar and therefore laboratory investigation is relatively easy, inexpensive and sensitive. Required co2 enriched atmosphere hence transport media or candle jars are required if specimen taken away from laboratory. Has gram-negative bacterial cell wall, therefore is susceptible to bactericidal antibiotics which affect cell wall formation, for example, penicillin. May acquire cytoplasmic DNA (plasmids) from other bacteria which may confer antibiotic resistance eg penicillin, tetracycline

Question 17

Women with Gonorrhoea

Answer 17

Mucopurulent vaginal discharge
Cervicitis
Intermenstrual uterine bleeding
Menorrhagia
Erythema and oedema of the cervix
Dysuria
Dyspareunia
Lower abdominal pain

Question 18

Men with Gonorrhoea

Answer 18

Penile discharge with odour (white, yellow or green)
Swollen testes
Dysuria
Inflammation of the foreskin

Question 19

A presumptive diagnosis of gonorrhoea can be defined as the presence of:

Answer 19

a mucopurulent endocervical or urethral exudate on physical examination;
sexual exposure to a person infected with N. gonorrhoeae.;
detection of typical gram-negative intracellular diplococci on microscopic examination of a smear of urethral exudate from men or endocervical secretions from women