Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ID Exam 4 > STIs > Flashcards

STIs Flashcards

1
Q

Groups more often affected by STIs

A

Young people aged 15-24
Gay and Bisexual men
Pregnant people
Racial and ethnic minority groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gonorrhea pathogenesis

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
● Caused by the gram- negative diplococcus
● Less common is dissemination to skin and
joints (sores, fever, arthritis)
● A purulent infection of mucous membranes
● Typically infects the urethra, cervix, rectum,
pharynx, or conjunctivae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gonorrhea is a purulent infection of ____

A

mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Less common for Gonorrhea is dissemination to _____

A

skin and joints (sores, fever, arthritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epidemiology of Gonorrhea

A

Gonorrhea is the 2nd most commonly reported communicable
disease, and the 2nd most prevalent STI in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F Gonorrhea can present asymptomatically

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who is gonorrhea more common in?

A

More common among ages 20-24, men, ethnic minorities, and those in the US SE region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhea (Men and Women)

A

● Purulent and profuse discharge
● Can be asymptomatic
Men- burning on urination; serous penile discharge → yellow, creamy, profuse, sometimes blood-tinged discharge

Women- Vaginal discharge (thin, purulent, and mildly odorous), dysuria, vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia, lower abdominal tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gonorrhea can cause this in men vs. women

A

● Male urethritis
● Female endocervicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Complications of gonorrhea

A

● Epididymitis
● Pelvic inflammatory disease
● Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
● Rectal gonorrhea
● Pharyngitis
● Infertility
● Gonococcal septic arthritis
● Disseminated gonococcal
infection (DGI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diagnosis Gonorrhea, what is gold standard?

A

● Gram stain
● Bacterial culture - Gold Standard!
● NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test)
Men - first catch AM urine or swab of urethral discharge
Women - endocervical or vaginal swabs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment for gonorrhea

A

Treatment for uncomplicated infection:
Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM

Treatment for G&C:
(500 mg IM ceftriaxone + 100 mg
PO doxycycline BID x 7 days)

Make sure you are getting a pregnancy test in females, may change treatment!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)

A

Small, gram-negative obligate
microorganisms, Chlamydia trachomatis, affects the cervix, urethra, salpinges, uterus, nasopharynx, and epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can cause infections in many organ
systems (including conjunctivitis and
pneumonia, F-H-C, etc.)

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The most commonly reported bacterial
STI in the US

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chlamydia Elementary bodies and Reticulate bodies

A

● Elementary bodies (EB) are the
infectious form, adapted for extracellular survival
● Reticulate body (RB) are not
infectious, adapted for intracellular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epidemiology of chlamydia

A

● A leading cause of infertility of US females
● Incidence is 2-3x that of gonorrhea
● Four million cases of chlamydia in the US in 2018
● Coinfection with gonorrhea is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F chlamydia can be asymptomatic

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Signs and symptoms of Chlamydia

A

● Frequently asymptomatic
● Vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, cervical friability, dysuria, lower abd tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ Most commonly affects the cervix

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is CMT (Cervical Motion Tenderness) and what is it seen with?

A

Severe pain seen with chlamydia when you are doing a pelvic exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chlamydia signs and symptoms in men

A

● Urethritis: Mucopurulent urethral discharge, urinary frequency/urgency,
dysuria
● May progress to epididymitis with testicular pain and tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chlamydia diagnosing

A

Diagnosing: NAAT
Women - vaginal swabs
Men - first catch urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment of chlamydia

A

100 mg PO doxycycline BID for 7 days OR
1g PO azithromycin in a single dose
*Counsel on abstinence for one week after treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
With _____ you should Retest for recurrent infection in 3 months
Chlamydia
26
Complications of chlamydia
● PID (could lead to F-H-C) ● Infertility ● Ectopic pregnancy ● Urethral scarring
27
Chlamydia can cause _____ (formerly Reiter syndrome):
Reactive arthritis 1. Conjunctivitis 2. Urethritis 3. Arthritis “Can’t see, pee, or climb a tree”
28
Syphilis
Caused by the spirochete, Treponema pallidum, which cannot last long outside the human body
29
Pathogenesis of syphyllis
● Enters through mucous membranes or skin, reaches the lymph nodes, spreads throughout body ● Transmitted sexually, also by skin contact or transplacentally
30
Stages of syphyllis
- primary, secondary, latent, and late/tertiary. - There can be long latent periods between stages. - Infected people are contagious during the first 2 stages - Can cause long term complications
31
Epidemiology of syphyllis
● The overall rate has been increasing since 2000 ● In the US, most commonly occurs in Men who have sex with Men (83.7% of reported cases) ● Most new cases occur in people aged 20-29 years ● The rate of HIV and syphilis co-infection is high
32
Primary Symptoms of syphilis
Chancre: a solitary, red, firm papules → painless ulcer with clean base and firm indurated borders. ● Usually heals within 4-8 weeks, with or without therapy Also, regional lymphadenopathy
33
Secondary symptoms of syphilis
Skin rash - often on palms and soles, rough, red/brown spots ● Condylomata lata - flat papules ● Generalized lymphadenopathy - more widespread ● Constitutional symptoms - fever, nausea, fatigue ● Headaches; bone pain
34
Latent symptoms of syphilis
Symptoms resolve (antibodies are still present) Early latent = occurs within the 1st year of infection Late latent = after 1st year of infection
35
Late/Tertiary symptoms of syphilis
● Develops years to decades after initial infection ● Is slowly progressive - Benign tertiary syphilis (may involve skin, bones, organs), Gummas = soft, destructive, inflammatory masses - Cardiovascular syphilis - Neurosyphilis
36
Syphilis diagnosis
1. Nontreponemal (reaginic) test i. If positive, will need a confirmatory test 2. Treponemal test - detects antibodies specific to T pallidum a. Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) or enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA to confirm RPR
37
Syphilis Treatment, early stage
Early stages: 1 dose of Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM ● Will cure a person with primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis
38
Syphilis treatment, late stage
1 dose of Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM weekly for 3 wks
39
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Complications
● Damage to internal organs, brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints ● Can lead to difficulty with muscle coordination, paralysis, numbness, blindness, and dementia
40
Neurosyphilis (Syphilis, CNS)
● Can occur at any stage of the disease ● Can be a progressive, disabling, and life-threatening complication
41
Workup of Neurosyphilis
Sxs: Nonspecific - HA, confusion, stiff neck, general paresis, loss of coordination of movement Dx: see previous slides + lumbar puncture/CSF examination Tx: Aqueous PCN G 18-24 million units IV qd
42
____ produces epithelial tumors or the skin and mucous membranes. It causes warts
HPV
43
Is the most common STI
HPV
44
Epidemiology of HPV
So common that nearly all sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives
45
Pathogenesis of HPV
● Many different types of HPV, some can cause genital warts and cancers. Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 associated with genital warts and cancers. ● Spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone with the virus
46
Symptoms of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Anogenital warts (condyloma acuminata) ○ Usually soft, moist, minute pink or gray polyps ○ Often asymptomatic
47
Diagnosis of HPV
● Clinical evaluation ● Acetic acid test (vinegar) ○ Turns wart areas white (helps identify flat lesions) ○ Can be used in conjunction with colposcopy ● Pap smears - cervical cytologic testing ○ Screen for cervical neoplasia ● DNA test ○ Identify specific strains that are linked to genital cancers
48
HPV Treatment
● Treat the lesions as they appear ● No treatment of anogenital warts is completely satisfactory ● No treatment is clearly more efficacious than others Mechanical removal -Cryotherapy, laser, electrocauterization, surgical excision
49
Topical treatments of HPV
-Salicylic acid (OTC) – removes layers of the wart a little at a time; can cause skin irritation -Imiquimod (Aldara, Zyclara) ○ May enhance immune system’s ability to fight HPV -Podofilox (Condylox) ○ Destroys genital wart tissue; can cause pain and itching -Trichloroacetic acid (cytotoxic agent) ○ Chemically burns off genital warts
50
Complications of HPV
● 99% of cervical cancers had HPV present ● 70% of cervical cancers directly correlated with types 16 and 18 ● Can cause anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers Prevention: HPV vaccine (more to come)
51
_____ commonly cause recurring infections of ulcerative lesions affecting the skin, mouth, lips, eyes, and genitals.
HSV 1 and 2
52
Epidemiology of HSV
● Prevalence of HSV-2 in the US in 2016 was approx. 11.9% ● Most cases of genital herpes are caused by HSV 2, although HSV 1 prevalence rates are increasing ● More common in women and non-Hispanic blacks
53
Symptoms of HSV
● Painful genital lesions ● May also have dysuria, fever, tender local inguinal lymphadenopathy, itching, and headache May have prodromal symptoms: Mild tingling, shooting pains in legs, hips, or buttocks
54
Diagnosing HSV
● Clinical evaluation ● Viral culture- may swab if active lesions are present ● PCR - can differentiate between HSV 1 and 2 ○ More sensitive than culture ○ Useful for detecting asymptomatic HSV shedding
55
Treatment of genital herpes
Acyclovir (Zovirax) Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
56
Complications of Genital Herpes
● Superinfections ● Eczema herpeticum ● Esophagitis ● Keratitis/conjunctivitis ● Encephalitis
57
Trichomoniasis
A GU infection from a parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
58
Most common non viral STD worldwide
Trichomoniasis
59
Epidemiology of Trichomoniasis
More common among women
60
Male symptoms of Trichomoniasis
● Asymptomatic 75% of the time; often spontaneously resolves ● May have mild urethritis with discharge and/or dysuria
61
Female symptoms of Trichomoniasis
● Can range from asymptomatic carrier state to severe PID ● A purulent, frothy, thin vaginal discharge associated with burning, pruritus, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, or dyspareunia Discharge: green-yellow, frothy, malodorous ● Can range from asymptomatic carrier state to severe PID ● Vaginal walls and cervix may have punctate, red spots; “strawberry” cervix
62
Diagnosing Trichomoniasis (men and women)
Women ○ Microscopy wet mount (motile trichomonads) ○ NAATs (Gold Standard) ○ Rapid antigen or nucleic acid probe test Men ○ Most reliable: NAAT (ie, PCR) of urine or urethral swab
63
Treatment of Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole or tinidazole (PO 2g in single dose or 500mg PO bid for 7 days) ● Avoid alcohol to avoid a potential disulfiram-like reaction ● Treat both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients ● Treat partners ● Patients should avoid intercourse until one week after completing treatment
64
Trichomoniasis Complications in non-pregnant, pregnant and newborns
- Nonpregnant women- cervicitis, PID, cervical neoplasms, tubo-ovarian abscesses and infertility - Pregnant women- associated with adverse outcomes (PROM, preterm delivery, and low birth weight) - Newborns- may contract infection during delivery from infected mothers. S/sxs may include fever, respiratory problems, urinary tract infection, nasal discharge, and vaginal discharge
65
Viral Hepatitis
Diffuse liver inflammation caused by various hepatitis viruses
66
Hepatitis A transmission
fecal-oral transmission, also sexual activity
67
Hepatitis B transmission
more common in US to be transmitted sexually
68
A painful, soft ulcer with a necrotic base, surrounding erythema, and undermined edges is a _____
Chancroid
69
_____ Also presents is unilateral adenitis- they may become fluctuant and rupture (suppurative bubo)
Chancroid
70
Diagnosis of Chancroid
● Clinical evaluation ● No lab testing is able to immediately confirm diagnosis ● Culture a swab of the lesion in a special medium; PCR
71
Chancroid Treatment
● A single dose of azithromycin (1g PO) or ceftriaxone (250mg IM) ● Multiple doses of erythromycin (500mg PO qid for 7 days) or ciprofloxacin (500mg PO bid for 3 days) Aspiration
72
Pubic lice “crabs”
Pediculosis pubis Wingless, blood-sucking insects that infest the pubis
73
Pubic lice “crabs” Transmission
● Transmitted sexually ● Transmission via fomites is also a possibility
74
Pubic lice Epidemiology
-Occurs worldwide -Most often affects teenagers and young adults
75
Pubic lice Symptoms
● Significant pruritus ● May be able to visualize nits at the base of hair shafts and crawling lice ● May affect the eyelashes
76
Diagnosis of Pubic lice
● Visual examination of the lice ● Microscopic examination of the hair shaft to visualize the nits
77
Pubic lice treatment
Primary: topical pediculicides (ie. permethrin) and topical pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide (has neurotoxin effects on the lice) Secondary: remove nits
78
Risk factors for STIs
●New sex partner in past 60 days ●Multiple sex partners or sex partner with multiple concurrent sex partners ●No or inconsistent condom use when not in a mutually monogamous sexual partnership ●Trading sex for money or drugs ●Sexual contact with sex workers ●Meeting anonymous partners on the internet
79
Risk Groups for STIs
●Young age (15 to 24 years old) ●Men who have sex with men (MSM) ●History of a prior STI ●Unmarried status ●Lower socioeconomic status, or high school education or less ●Admission to correctional facility or juvenile detention center ●Illicit drug use

ID Exam 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions