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OCR Biology > Stimulation > Flashcards

Stimulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a sense?

A

Something that stimulates the nerves.

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2
Q

What are stimulus and receptors?

A

Stimulus - things that stimulate nerves.

Receptors - sense organs.

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3
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

. Neurones that go to all parts of the body.

. The brain and the spinal chord.

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4
Q

What is the PNS made of?

A

. Nerves, receptors, glands.

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5
Q

How is information sent along sensory neurones?

A

By electrical impulses.

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6
Q

What is the journey of electrical impulses from a stimulus to a response.

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> CNS -> Motor Neurone -> effector -> response.

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7
Q

Describe and label a motor neurone.

A

Cell body contains the nucleus
Cell body has dendrites coming off it giving the appearence of a wiggly star.
The long axon is protected by an insulating myelin sheath.
There are dendrites at the end of the axon with synapse gaps.

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8
Q

Describe how a motor neurone is adapted for quick electrical transmitions.

A

Branched dendrite endings to connect with other neurones.
Synapse gaps use transmitter chemicals to send signals to new neyrones to speed up the impulses.
A fatty myelin sheath acts as an insulatoe and speeds up the impulse.
Neurones are long which speeds it up as connecting with another neurone slows an impulse.

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9
Q

Explain how synapses work.

A

. Electrical impulse triggers the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap.
. These chemicals bind to receptor molecules in the membrane, triggering a new electrical impulse.

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10
Q

Describe the appearence of a sensory neurone.

A

Cell body is attatched to the axon, containing the nucleus.
Receptor cell is at the end of the axon.
Surrounded by a fatty meylin sheath.
Dendrites at the end with synapse gaps.

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11
Q

Describe a relay neurone.

A

Cell body is small and just below dendrites and synapses.

Long, thin axon with more dendrites on the other end.

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12
Q

Why do we have relfex actions.

A

To protect you from injury.

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13
Q

What are reflex actions? How are they processed?

A

. Automatic, unconscious and involentary.
. Even quicker than normal responces
. The conscious brain isnt involved.
. The sensory neurone connects to a relay neurone in the spinal chord.
. Links directly to a motor neurone.
. No time wasted.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a relay neurone?

A

. Used in the reflex arc.

. Connecr sensory and motor neurone.

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15
Q

Give an example of a reflex action.

A

. Bee stings finger.
. Stimulation of the pain receptor.
. Message travels along the sensory neurone.
. Message is passed along the relay neurone in spinal chord.
. Message travels along motor neurone.
. When message reaches muscle, it contracts to move arm away from the bee.

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16
Q

What are the functions or the hypothalamus?

A

. Involved in maintaining body temperature.
. Homeostatis.
. Produces hormones to control the pituitary gland.

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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The control of water content, blood sugar levels and body temperature.

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18
Q

What’s the problem with treating parts of the CNS?

A

. Not easily accessable.
. Treatment can lead to permanent damage in surrounding areas.
. CNS neurones don’t repair themselves.

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19
Q

Why control water content?

A

. Too much is dangerous.
. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
. If too much water enters thr cells by osmosis, the cell will burst (lysis).

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20
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of the body’s water content.

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21
Q

What are the functions of the components of the kidney?

A

Renal artery - Brings blood to the kidneys. Contains waste problems.

Renal vein - Takes blood away from the kidneys. Purified blood.

Convulated tubules - reabsorbtion of useful products - glucose, most water, some salt.

Bowman’s capsule - Filtration

Collecting duct: Collects urine from nephron and transports.

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22
Q

What is ADH? What does it do?

A

Anti- diuretic hormone

Makes urine more concentrated with a lesser volume by not releasing as much water.

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23
Q

What happens when there is more ADH released?

A

. Collecting ducts become more permeable to water.
. More water is reabsorbed into the blood.
. Urine more concentrated, higher volume, blood more dilute.

24
Q

What happens when less ADH is released?

A

. Collecting ducts become less permeable to water.
. Less water is reabsorbed into the blood.
. Urine increases in volume, becomes more dilute.
. Blood becomes more concentration.

25
Q

What materials are excreted?

A 
. CO2 from respiration.
. Urea from broken down amino acids.
. Heat made by respiration.
. Water made by respiration.
. Soluble vitamins.
. Mineral salts.
26
Q

Why control blood sugar levels?

A

. Prevent hypo / hyperglycemia.
. Glucose is used in respiration so you need enough.
. Too much would prevent water entering cells by osmosis.

27
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that causes cells to take in glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen in the liver.

28
Q

What happens when there is an absense of insulin?

A

. Diabetes (type 1)
. Glucose is not taken in from the blood stream.
. It is stored as fat.

29
Q

What happens with a rise in blood sugar?

A

. Detected by the pancreas.
. Insulin released.
. Insulin moves glucose from the blood to the liver to be stored as glycogen.

30
Q

What is the flow chart for a fall in blood sugar?

A 
Glucose levels fall
Receptors in pancreas
Glucogon released
Binds to receptors in the liver
Glycogen turns to glucose.
Glucose levels rise
31
Q

What removes more glucose from the blood than usual?

A

. Vigorous exercise

. High metabolism

32
Q

What happens with a fall in blood sugar?

A

. Detected by the pancreas.
. Glucogon released.
. Makes the liver release glucosee into the blood from the glycogen stores.

33
Q

What does diabetes effect?

A

The ability to control blood sugar.

34
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes scientifically.

A

. Pancreas produces little or no insulin.

. Blood sugar levels rise to a deadly rate.

35
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes scientifically.

A

. Insulin resistance from damaged receptor cells (often from an unhealthy diet).

36
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

A

. Injecting insulin several times a day.
. Limiting intake of simple carbohydrates (sugars and white carbs).
. Regular exercise.

37
Q

How is type 2 diabetes controlled?

A

. Healthy diet.
. Regular exercise.
. Weight loss if possible.
. Some medications can improve the cellular responce to insulin.

38
Q

What happens with an increase in FSH?

A

. Folicle gets bigger.
. Releases more oestrogen.
. Makes pituitary gland release more FSH and LH.

39
Q

What happens at the peak of LH?

A

. Ovulation.

. Oestrogen falls, but corpus luteum still produces some.

40
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

. Produces progesterone to help the egg travel.
. Progesterone inhibits LH and FSH.
. Fully lines uterus wall.

41
Q

What happens to hormones when no embryo has bern planted a week after ovulation?

A

. Corpus luteum begins to break down.
. Causes fall in progesterone and oestrogen.
. FSH and LH completely inhibited.

42
Q

Why does the uterus wall break down?

A

. No implanted embryo.
. Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone.
. FSH begins to rise as there is low Oe / Pr
. New egg stimulated.

43
Q

On day 14, what hormone is at peak?

A

LH

44
Q

How does the combined pill prevent pregnancy?

A

. Releases progesterobe and oestrogen.
. Tricks the pituitary gland into thinking it has ovulated.
. Stops ovulation.
. Changes uterus lining to make it harder for an egg to implant.

45
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the combined pill?

A

. Prevents pregnancy.
. Less chance of cysts on the ovaries.
. Nausea.
. Weight gain.

46
Q

What is the contraceptive implant?

A

. A tiny plastic rod.
. Inserted under the skin of the upper arm.
. Releases progesterone.

47
Q

How does the contraceptive implant prevent pregnancy?

A

. Tricks pituitary gland into thinking it’s ovulated, so it decreases LH.
. Prevents ovulation.
. Uterus lining thins so eggs can’t attatch.

48
Q

How is the contraceptive patch different from the implant?

A

. Above the surface.

. Releases oestrogen as well as progesterone.

49
Q

What is the difference between the IUD coil and the Marina coil?

A

Marina is hormonal ( progesterone ).

IUD is non hormonal - it releases copper that kills sperm and orevents attatchment.

50
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantage of using a coil?

A

. Ability to become pregnant returns quickly when removed.
. Lighter periods.
. Moderate discomfort at insertion.
. Risk increases of ovarian cysts.

51
Q

What hormone does the contraceptive injection release?

A

Progesterone.

52
Q

What are the cons of the contraceptive injection?

A

. Heavy, painful periods.
. Weight gain.
. Normal fertility takes a while to return.

53
Q

Why do some contraceptions release oestrogen?

A

. When there is toi much, the pituitary gland doesn’t release FSH.
. No FSH - no ovulation as eggs can’t mature.

54
Q

Which contraceptives ONLY release progesterone?

A

The mini-pill
. Contraceptive implant.
. Marina coil.
. Contraceptive injection.

55
Q

Which contraceptives release progesterone AND oestrogen?

A

. The contraceptive patch.

. The combined pill.

OCR Biology (1 decks)

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