Stimulants 3 Caffeine

Question 1

Meth is thought to be

Answer 1

Neurotoxic

Question 2

After meth wears off, this gets reuptaken

Answer 2

Dopamine

Question 3

all of these are neurotoxic in principle

Answer 3

Amphetamines

Question 4

MAO-B transforms dopamine to

Answer 4

DOPAC

Question 5

Body’s system of handling H2O2

Answer 5

Glutathione system

Question 6

Glutathione system can be overwhelmed by excess what, ie when using meth

Answer 6

Dopamine

Question 7

H2O2 in the presence of Fe2+ undergoes

Answer 7

Fenton reaction

Question 8

Fenton reaction creates

Answer 8

OH

Question 9

Dopamine neurons are loaded with

Answer 9

Fe2+

Question 10

Capable of triggering neuron killing oxidative damage

Answer 10

Hydroxyl radical (OH•)

Question 11

A “methylanthine” stimulant

Answer 11

Caffeine

Question 12

other forms of caffeine

Answer 12

theophylline and theobromine

Question 13

found in tea leaves, cola nuts, and cacao beans

Answer 13

caffeine compounds (methylxanthine, theophylline, theobromine)

Question 14

why dogs can’t have chocolate

Answer 14

suspected that dogs can’t digest theobromine in large quantities

Question 15

absorption mainly in intestines over 20-50 minutes

Answer 15

oral admin of caffeine

Question 16

1/2 life

Answer 16

several hours (4-6)

Question 17

1/2 life is what in smokers

Answer 17

shorter

Question 18

primary mechanism is blockade of what receptors

Answer 18

adenosine

Question 19

metabolizing enzymes are inhibited by

Answer 19

SSRIs

Question 20

metabolites excreted in

Answer 20

urine

Question 21

not a true neurotransmitter, but a neuromodulator released by glia and some neurons

Answer 21

adenosine

Question 22

inhibits exocytosis, blocking NT

Answer 22

adenosine

Question 23

release adenosine when brain needs excess oxygen

Answer 23

glia cells

Question 24

Many neurons have these for adenosine

Answer 24

presynaptic receptors

Question 25

adenosine release does this when the brain needs excess oxygen supply

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

when adenosine acts on receptors, there's what of neurotransmitter release at excitatory synapses

Answer 26

inhibition

Question 27

Inhibition of NT release at excitatory synapses (e.g., GLU, DA, ACh), which might be useful during what

Answer 27

brain injury

Question 28

when adenosine acts on receptors, lowering of what activity leads to a loss of wakefulness

Answer 28

CNS

Question 29

when adenosine acts on receptors, there is a dilation of

Answer 29

blood vessels

Question 30

Restoration of normal activity levels at excitatory synapses, Constriction of blood vessels (↑ BP), Dilation of air passages (bronchioles) in lungs (which is why theophylline is useful in COPD, asthma, etc.), It also promotes diuresis (a peripheral effect in the kidney, not a CNS effect), and it promotes colonic motility (again, not a CNS effect)

Answer 30

the good of adenosine receptor antagonism

Question 31

adenosine receptor antagonism can lead to restoration of normal activity levels at excitatory synapse in mesocortical DA pathway

Answer 31

increased alertness, attention & concentration, and working memory; reduced reaction times

Question 32

giving caffeine to a drunk person leads to

Answer 32

an alert drunk person, not a sober one

Question 33

adenosine receptor antagonism can lead to improvements in

Answer 33

motor performance (gross more than fine) and endurance

Question 34

adenosine receptor antagonism can lead to constriction of

Answer 34

blood vessels (↑ BP)

Question 35

adenosine receptor antagonism can lead to dilation of

Answer 35

air passages (bronchioles) in lungs

Question 36

useful in COPD, asthma, etc.

Answer 36

theophylline

Question 37

adenosine receptor antagonism promotes

Answer 37

diuresis and colonic motility (not a CNS effect)

Question 38

physical effects are more pronounced than to mental effects, users often fall asleep easily at bedtime despite recent heavy consumption

Answer 38

tolerance

Question 39

Neg rft appears to be main driver of continued use in avoidance, symptoms include headache, lethargy, lack of focus, can be seen with as little as 100mg/day consumption

Answer 39

dependance/withdrawal

Question 40

Amounts from 250mg (novice) to >1000mg (tolerant user), symptoms include nervousness, muscle twitching, agitation, dyspepsia, diarrhea, TI (lethality) is ~100 (= ~80-100 cups of coffee or ~50 Vivarin tablets), symptoms from this include abnormal heart rhythms, cardiac arrest, seizures

Answer 40

toxicity