Stick Figure Flashcards
Clinical signs for cerebrum (forebrain) lesion
Seizures Behavior/mentation changes Circling to the lesion Head pressing CP deficits on CONTRALATERAL side Menace deficits on CONTRALATERAL side (processing on opposite cortex) Blind Hemi-neglect of CONTRALATERAL side Normal: gait, PLRs
Clinical signs for diencephalon (forebrain) lesion
Circling to either side Endocrine dysfunction Decreased/absent menace response on CONTRALATERAL side Blind Stupor/coma
Clinical signs for midbrain (brainstem) lesion
CP deficits on CONTRALATERAL side (before pons)
Disturbances in consciousness (ARAS)
UMN paresis to plegia - uni or bi
Clinical signs for pons (brainstem) lesion
Change in consciousness (ARAS)
UMN paresis to plegia
Abnormal respiratory activity (medulla > pons)
CP deficits on IPSILATERAL side
Clinical signs of medulla (brainstem) lesion
Abnormal respiratory activity (medulla > pons)
Alterations in consciousness (ARAS)
Rostral lesion = central vestibular
Caudal lesion = dysphonia, dysphagia, tongue paresis
CP deficits on IPSILATERAL side
UMN paresis to plegia IPSILATERAL
UMN for respiratory muscles vs LMN in phrenic nerve
Autonomic dysfunction (HR/BP)
Clinical signs for cerebellum lesion
Hypermetria Ataxia - no paresis Intention tremors Vestibular signs Decreased menace Anisocoria Normal: vision
Clinical signs for C1-C5 lesion
Hemiparesis to hemiplegia vs tetraparesis to tetraplegia CP deficits X4 UMN reflexes X4 Ataxia \+/- pain, low head carriage
Clinical signs for C6-T2 lesion
CP deficits X4
LMN to front limbs
UMN to hind limbs
+/- horner’s syndrome
+/- pain, low head carriage (may not have withdrawal if painful)
Phrenic nerves C5-C7 (ventilation problem if affected)
Ataxia and paresis
Clinical signs for T3-L3 lesion
TWO-ENGINE GAIT = WOBBLERS Kyphosis Paresis to plegia CP deficits in hindlimb UMN to hindlimbs, bladder Ataxia and paresis - para, mono \+/- pain Normal: front limbs
Clinical signs for L4-S3 lesion
CP deficits in hind limbs LMN to hind limbs, bladder Low tail carriage Ataxia - para or mono (NOT paresis) \+/- pain Normal: front limbs
Clinical signs for peripheral neuropathy
Decreased/absent reflexes - LMN signs Decreased/absent muscle tone Neurogenic atrophy Variable CP deficits NO ataxia
Clinical signs for peripheral myopathy
Generalized weakness
Exercise intolerance
Usually bilateral and symmetrical
+/- myalgia
+/- decreased withdrawal reflex (weakness)
Normal: reflexes (depends on strengths), CPs
Clinical signs for peripheral junctionopathy
Generalized weakness
Normal/absent reflexes
Usually diffuse distribution
+/- exercise intolerance
General UMN signs
Paresis, paralysis, postural reaction deficits, ataxia
Hypertonus, spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Affecting sensory pathway
General LMN signs
Flaccid paresis/paralysis
Neurogenic muscle atrophy
Hyporeflexia
Affecting motor pathway
