Stick Figure Flashcards
Clinical signs for cerebrum (forebrain) lesion
Seizures Behavior/mentation changes Circling to the lesion Head pressing CP deficits on CONTRALATERAL side Menace deficits on CONTRALATERAL side (processing on opposite cortex) Blind Hemi-neglect of CONTRALATERAL side Normal: gait, PLRs
Clinical signs for diencephalon (forebrain) lesion
Circling to either side Endocrine dysfunction Decreased/absent menace response on CONTRALATERAL side Blind Stupor/coma
Clinical signs for midbrain (brainstem) lesion
CP deficits on CONTRALATERAL side (before pons)
Disturbances in consciousness (ARAS)
UMN paresis to plegia - uni or bi
Clinical signs for pons (brainstem) lesion
Change in consciousness (ARAS)
UMN paresis to plegia
Abnormal respiratory activity (medulla > pons)
CP deficits on IPSILATERAL side
Clinical signs of medulla (brainstem) lesion
Abnormal respiratory activity (medulla > pons)
Alterations in consciousness (ARAS)
Rostral lesion = central vestibular
Caudal lesion = dysphonia, dysphagia, tongue paresis
CP deficits on IPSILATERAL side
UMN paresis to plegia IPSILATERAL
UMN for respiratory muscles vs LMN in phrenic nerve
Autonomic dysfunction (HR/BP)
Clinical signs for cerebellum lesion
Hypermetria Ataxia - no paresis Intention tremors Vestibular signs Decreased menace Anisocoria Normal: vision
Clinical signs for C1-C5 lesion
Hemiparesis to hemiplegia vs tetraparesis to tetraplegia CP deficits X4 UMN reflexes X4 Ataxia \+/- pain, low head carriage
Clinical signs for C6-T2 lesion
CP deficits X4
LMN to front limbs
UMN to hind limbs
+/- horner’s syndrome
+/- pain, low head carriage (may not have withdrawal if painful)
Phrenic nerves C5-C7 (ventilation problem if affected)
Ataxia and paresis
Clinical signs for T3-L3 lesion
TWO-ENGINE GAIT = WOBBLERS Kyphosis Paresis to plegia CP deficits in hindlimb UMN to hindlimbs, bladder Ataxia and paresis - para, mono \+/- pain Normal: front limbs
Clinical signs for L4-S3 lesion
CP deficits in hind limbs LMN to hind limbs, bladder Low tail carriage Ataxia - para or mono (NOT paresis) \+/- pain Normal: front limbs
Clinical signs for peripheral neuropathy
Decreased/absent reflexes - LMN signs Decreased/absent muscle tone Neurogenic atrophy Variable CP deficits NO ataxia
Clinical signs for peripheral myopathy
Generalized weakness
Exercise intolerance
Usually bilateral and symmetrical
+/- myalgia
+/- decreased withdrawal reflex (weakness)
Normal: reflexes (depends on strengths), CPs
Clinical signs for peripheral junctionopathy
Generalized weakness
Normal/absent reflexes
Usually diffuse distribution
+/- exercise intolerance
General UMN signs
Paresis, paralysis, postural reaction deficits, ataxia
Hypertonus, spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Affecting sensory pathway
General LMN signs
Flaccid paresis/paralysis
Neurogenic muscle atrophy
Hyporeflexia
Affecting motor pathway
Sympathetic fibers: location, dysfunction
T1-T3
Horner’s syndrome
Phrenic nerve: location, dysfunction
C5-C7
Respiratory failure
Lateral thoracic nerve: location, dysfunction
C8-T1
Lack of panniculus reflex
Cervical intumnescence: location, dysfunction
C6-T2
LMN to front limbs
Lumbosacral intumnescence: location, dysfunction
L4-S3
LMN to hind limbs
Clinical signs of spinal cord disease
Paresis, plegia
CP deficits IPSILATERAL side
Proprioceptive ataxia
Loss of spinal reflexes depending on location
Abnormal panniculus depending on location
Muscle atrophy
Spinal pain - only 5 lesions
Micturition abnormalities
Respiratory difficulty - severe cervical lesions
N/S: change in mentation/attitude, CN deficits, seizures, vestibular signs
