Steroids, sex and gambling Flashcards
What are the overall effects of excessive steroid use?
Block regular testosterone release Reduced spermatogenesis Decrease male fertility Increase muscle mass More masculine appearance Increased aggression
What are the anabolic and androgenic effects of steroid use?
Anabolic effects - body increase (production of something)
- increased protein synthesis
- increased appetite
- bone remodeling and growth, bones react to extra mass
- increased production of red blood cells
Androgenic effects
- increased hair growth (pubic, chest)
What are the serotherapeutic effects of steroids?
- Increases tonic/burst muscle: better explosive/endurance
- Hypogonadal state
- Atrophy of testicles
- Lower HDL and increased LDL (bad fats)
- Risk of liver disorder
Therapeutic uses for anabolic steroids?
- TS replacement for hypogonadism
- Certain blood anemias
- Muscle loss after trauma
- Muscle loss due to disease (HIV/COPD/Renal dialysis)
What are the mechanisms of steroids? (absorption, distribution, metabolism)
Rapidly absorbed by the GI tract
Enters blood and travels to liver
Effectively metabolized by enzymes (first pass)
- metabolite androstanolone is active
What are the psychological effects of steroids?
Changes in behaviour and motivation
Increased aggression, roid rage
Steroid-induced aggression vs. behaviour
Potential screen for individuals with violent behaviour
What are the signs of physical dependence for steroid users?
Withdrawal syndrome (addicted to indirect consequences/impact of steroids)
- moderate to severe depression
- fatigue
- restlessness
- insomnia
- loss of appetite
- decreased libido
- suicide ideation
What are the addiction prevalence results received from a steroid youth survey?
0.6% of canadians had used anabolic steroids
Youth survey
- 2.8% used anabolic-androgenic steroids
- 30% of users injected
- 30% of those shared a needle
80% of users are not athletes that compete and are not bodybuilders
How is gambling defined?
Wagering money or something of material value on an event with uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money and/or material goods
What are the potential results of regulating/licensing gambling?
Provide some examples of
legal gambling/lottery?
Illegal gambling, lead to gambling tourism
- ex: monaco, macau
- legal in the U.S: Las Vegas (1931), Atlantic city & New jersey (1976), Native American tribes (1987)
Ex: Casinos, sports betting, quick-pick lotteries, scratch n’ win tickets, McDonalds monopoly roll-up the rim
How is pathological gambling explained/recognized by the psych community? (DSM-III, DSM-IV)
Provide as many points of criteria as possible for this disorder
Shows biological symptoms related to their addiction to gambling - recognized as a mental/psychiatric disorder (DSM-III)
DSM-IV - impulse control disorder that is chronic and progressive mental illness
Criteria
- preoccupation (frequent thought)
- tolerance (higher wages needed)
- withdrawal symptoms restlessness or irritability
- Escapism
- Chasing (win back losses)
- Lying (hiding)
- Stealing (fuel addiction with crime)
- Loss of control
- Illegal acts to feed addiction
- Risking significant relationships
- Bailout (turn to fam and friends for financial assistance)
What criteria distinguishes responsible gambling?
Do so for entertainment rather than income
Balance their participation with other activities
Do not gamble alone
Accept losses as the cost of the entertainment
Set a realistic budge and stick to it
Don’t borrow money to gamble
Set a time limit for gambling
Take breaks from gambling
What are the phases of malignant gambling to recovery?
Hint: 6, WLD CRG
Winning phase - increased frequency/amount, unreasonable optimism
Losing phase - thought revolve around gambling, lying/stealing/unable to pay debts
Desperation phase - remorse/panic, alienation
Critical phase - responsible thinking, personal reflection
Rebuilding phase - responsible thinking, personal reflection
Growth phase - preoccupation with gambling decreased, more self-awareness
What is the biological basis of gambling addiction (brain stuff)?
Similar to chemical addiction
Lower levels of NE have been shown
- NE secreted during stress/arousal, pathological gamblers are compensating
fMRI data shows parallels with drug addiction (same areas are activated - nucleus accumbent)
Deficiencies in 5-HT are also proposed
What are the two gambling assessments most used?
South oaks gambling screen (SOGS)
- 1987 in NY, standard screen for several years
- over-estimates false positives
Canadian problem gambling index (CPGI)
- developed over three years (1997)
- focuses on harms and consequences of problem gambling
