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Reproduction > Steroid Endocrinology > Flashcards

Steroid Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

where is GnRH made? where is it released and what does it do?

A

GnRH is made in the hypothalamus
it is released into the anterior pituitary where it stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH (gonadotropins)

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2
Q

describe pulsatile release

A

GnRH secretion is pulsatile because continual expression is ineffective in the release of gonadotropins

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3
Q

what is kisspeptin and why is it important

A

kisspeptin is within presynaptic neurons which generate the GnRH pulses
kisspeptin is pulsatile and everything downstream of it is pulsatile as well

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4
Q

subunits of gonadotropins: alpha versus beta

A

the alpha subunit is the same in gonadotropins, but the beta subunit is unique to each hormone

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5
Q

what does FSH do in females

A

FSH binds to granulosa cells, promotes follicular development and promotes the differentiation of theca cells

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6
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

FSH binds to Sertoli cells and is required for the completion of meiosis

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7
Q

what does LH do in females

A

in females, LH binds to theca cells and the LH surge promotes ovulation

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8
Q

what does LH do in males

A

in males, LH binds to leydig cells and stimulates testosterone production

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9
Q

what is hCG

A

hCG is a pregnancy hormone in the placenta

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10
Q

what produces estrogens in females

A

estrogens are produced by granulosa cells

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11
Q

what does estrogen do in females

A

develops female secondary characteristics, prepares the reproductive tract for sperm, and increases progesterone receptors in the uterus

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12
Q

what produces estrogen in males

A

Sertoli cells produce estrogen

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13
Q

what does estrogen do in males

A

inhibits spermatogenesis

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14
Q

what produces progesterone in females

A

luteal cells and placenta

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15
Q

what does progesterone do in females

A

promotes gestation

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16
Q

what produces progesterone in males

A

leydig cells

17
Q

what does progesterone do in males

A

secondary sex characteristics, inhibits LH and FSH for negative feedback, essential for spermatogenesis and sperm maturation

18
Q

significance of dihydrotestosterone

A

it is produced in sertoli cells from testosterone via 5 alpha reductase

it is the most potent androgen and gives rise to external genetalia

19
Q

what do inhibin, activin, and follistatin do

A

inhibin suppresses FSH
activin promotes FSH
follistatin suppresses FSH

20
Q

significance of dimers in activin and inhibin

A

activin and inhibin are dimers, however the alpha subunit in inhibin is inhibitory. if it was knocked out, it would no longer be inhibitory

21
Q

what do PGF2 and PGE2 (prostaglandins) do?

A

PGF2: promotes luteolysis in the ovary
PGE2: promotes cervical ripening prior to parturition

22
Q

where is melatonin produced and what is its significance

A

melatonin is produces in the pineal gland and it is dependent on daylight (higher levels in the winter)

23
Q

describe negative feedback of GnRH

A

testosterone is made when LH binds to sertoli cells. testosterone negatively regulates GnRH

inhibin is made by sertoli cells when bound to FSH. inhibin negatively regulates FSH

24
Q

what happens to gonadotropins after castration or spay

A

LH and FSH levels become high because inhibin and testosterone are not being produced, so there is no negative feedback

25
Q

significance of exogenous testosterone

A

it inhibits endogenous testosterone and causes sterility due to low levels of FSH and LH

26
Q

where is prolactin made, what does it do, and what regulates it

A

prolactin is made in the anterior pituitary and promotes mammary gland growth and lactation
it is regulated by the hypothalamus

27
Q

where is oxytocin made, released, and what does it do

A

oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary gland
it produces uterine contractions, milk let-down, and bonding

28
Q

what does relaxin do

A

prepares for parturition

29
Q

differences in hypothalamus activity in pre vs post puberty

A

pre-puberty: hypothalmus pituitary gonadal axis is suppressed and GnRH secretion is low

puberty: hypothalmus becomes less sensitive to negative feedback and GnRH increases, increasing sex hormones

Reproduction (3 decks)

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