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Block 6; Week 4-Michelle > Sterilization, Disinfection, and Containment-Kozel > Flashcards

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Containment-Kozel Flashcards

1
Q

What is sterilization?

A

use of physical or chemical agent to destroy all microbial forms, including spores

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2
Q

What is disinfection?

A

use of physical or chemical agents to destroy most microbial forms; bacterial spores or other relatively resistant organisms may remain viable

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3
Q

What is antisepsis?

A

use of chemical agents on skin or other living tissue to inhibit or eliminate microbes; no sporicidal action is implied

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4
Q

What is biocide?

A

– a general term describing a chemical agent, usually with a broad spectrum, that inactivates microbes

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5
Q

T/F We are using too many disinfectants for healthy people & not enough for sick people.

A

True.

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6
Q

A tube of disinfectant could be called what?

A

biocide

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7
Q

What are factors that affect disinfectant potency?

A

conc’n (higher takes less time to kill)
time (more always better! 15 min to kill spores)
pH
temp (killing doubles with every increased degree centigrade)
presence of extraneous materials to bind or inactivate disinfectant
the type of microorganism you’re trying to kill

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8
Q 
Prions
Coccidia
Mycobacteria
Cysts
Are these relatively resistant to disinfectants or relatively sensitive?
A

Relative Resistant

Prions are the most resistant

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9
Q 
Lipid Enveloped Viruses
Gram + Bacteria
Large Non-Enveloped Viruses
Fungi
Are these relatively resistant or relatively susceptible to disinfectants?
A

they are sensitive!

Lipid Enveloped Viruses are the most sensitive.

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10
Q

With ethylene oxides & aldehydes what is the MOA for disinfecting?

A

alkylate & cross link macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, RNA

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of disinfectants that fall into the class of ethylene oxides & aldehydes.

A

formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde
ethylene oxide

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12
Q

What is the fcn of formaldehyde?

A

environmental decontamination

used in gas or liquid form

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13
Q

What is the fcn of glutaraldehydes?

A

chemical sterilization of equipment

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14
Q

What is the fcn of ethylene oxide?

A

gaseous sterilization of heat sensitive materials

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15
Q

What is the MOA of oxidizing agents for disinfection?

A

oxidize proteins

DNA breakage

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16
Q

What are 3 examples of oxidizing agent disinfectants?

A

ozone
hydrogen peroxide
peracetic acid

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17
Q

What is the fcn of ozone?

A

disinfection of air systems

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18
Q

What is the fcn of hydrogen peroxide?

A

cleansing of wounds

disinfection of implants, prostheses

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19
Q

What is the fcn of peracetic acid?

A

chemical sterilant

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20
Q

What is the MOA of halogens as disinfectants?

A

oxidize proteins

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21
Q

What are 2 examples of halogen disinfectants? What are their fcns?

A

iodine-skin disinfection

chlorine-chemical decontamination

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22
Q

What is the MOA of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?

A

disrupt lipid containing membranes

denatures proteins

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23
Q

What are 2 examples of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?

A

chlorhexidine

triclosan

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24
Q

What is the fcn of chlorhexidine?

A

skin disinfection

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25
Q

What is the fcn of triclosan?

A

antibacterial soaps

innumerable other uses!

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26
Q

What is the MOA of quaternary ammonium compounds?

A

surfactant-amphoteric properties disrupt membranes

27
Q

What is an example of a quaternary ammonium compound? What is its exact fcn?

A

benzalkonium chloride
skin disinfection
hard surface cleaning
Ex: lysol

28
Q

What is the MOA of alcohols as disinfectants? What is the best example of this?

A

**denatures proteins
Ex: isopropyl alcohol (70%)
skin decontamination, disinfection
**awesome b/c it has minimal environmental effects, kills vast majority of microbes, and wouldn’t be more effective with a higher conc’n

29
Q

What are mechanisms of intrinsic resistance of microbes against disinfectants?

A

it varies!

physiological adaptation-biofilms

30
Q

Why is it that we should be more careful with how many disinfectants we use with healthy people environments?

A

b/c there is a potential for cross resistance with antibiotics

31
Q

What are the mechanisms of acquired resistance against disinfectants?

A

via plasmids or mutation

  • *Inactivation of agents
  • *Efflux of Agent
  • *Decreased uptake-silver compounds?
32
Q

What are 3 examples of disinfectants that are inactivated by resistant microbes?

A

Chlorhexidine
Formaldehyde
Mercurials

33
Q

What are 2 examples of disinfectants that are effluxed from resistant microbes?

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Chlorhexidine

34
Q

What is the temp required to kill most pathogenic bacteria?

A

60 degrees celsius

35
Q

What is the temp required to kill vegetative forms of all bacteria & fungi?

A

80 dC

36
Q

What is the temp required to kill spores of pathogens?

A

100dC

37
Q

What is the temp required to kill all bacterial spores?

A

120dC

38
Q

Pasteurization occurs at which temp?

A

72 dC

39
Q

Boiling happens at what temp?

A

100dC

40
Q

Autoclaves work at which temp? Which kills the microbes-the heat or the pressure?

A

120dC
high temp kills
pressure doesn’t
**steam under pressure

41
Q

What temp is dry heat used to kill microbes?

A

180dC

42
Q

What are 2 forms of radiation that can kill microbes?

A

UV radiation: sunlight, UV lights

Ionization Radiation: xray & gamm a rays

43
Q

What is the fcn of UV irradiation to kill microbes?

A

control of airborne or surface contamination

no penetration of solids-only works on the surfaces of microbes-if anything is covering it-no luck!

44
Q

What is the fcn of Ionization radiation to kill microbes?

A

sterilization of small heat-sensitive articles
can be used on plastics
could theoretically be used on food safely to get rid of E coli etc.

45
Q

Aside from radiation, what is another physical agent to kill microbes?

A

Filtration
Filter sterilization of heat-labile liquids – no removal of viruses or other small forms from liquids
HEPA filtration of air – quite effective, even for viruses-found in vacuums, ovens etc

46
Q

T/F UV lights are found in hoods in labs.

A

True.

47
Q

What’s the deal with the autoclave?

A 
light door
lots of pressure-15lbs worth
thermostatic sensor used
10-15 min for larger amounts of liquid
steam under pressure! the temp does the killing, not the pressure
can be dangerous!
48
Q

What are some important features of biosafety cabinets?

A

laminar flow across the front of the cabinet
filters inside
hood is vented into room only if it goes thru a HEPA filter

49
Q

How would you sterilize packages of surgical dressing?

A

Autoclave

50
Q

How would you decontaminate liquids from a research laboratory that contain live viruses?

A

Bleach or autoclave

51
Q

How would you decontaminate a thermometer used in a pediatrics clinic?

A

alcohol

52
Q

How would you sterilize 50 glass flasks containing bacterial culture media?

A

autoclave w/ a slow exhaust cycle at the end to bring down the pressure to match the temp of the liquid

53
Q

How would you sterilize plastic pipettes in their plastic wrappers?

A

ionizing radiation

54
Q

How would you dispose of a large quantity of laboratory glassware that has been contaminated with pathogenic fungi-autoclave?

A

autoclave

55
Q

How would you sterilize 200 ml of tissue culture media?

A

filter sterilize it

56
Q

How would you decontaminate a biosafety hood prior to changing of HEPA filters?

A

hood w/ toxic gas & another to neutralize it

57
Q

How would you disinfect skin at the site of a lumbar puncture?

A

iodine

58
Q

How would you disinfect skin at the site of a venipuncture?

A

alcohol

59
Q

How would you process raw milk to remove potentially pathogenic bacteria?

A

pasteurization

60
Q

How would you decontaminate a laboratory bench top after routine use for bacterial culture?

A

disinfectant that is phenol-based

works on membranes

61
Q

How many biosafety levels are there? What are the important considerations at BSL-1?

A 
There are 4 levels!
1: high school microbio labs
Stuff that doesn’t cause disease
Ex: E coli, Staph
Basic level of containment
Not necessarily separated from general traffic
Work conducted on open benches
Relies on standard microbiological practices
No special primary or secondary barriers
62
Q

What are the important considerations at BSL-2?

A
  1. What you see in a hospital diagnostic lab.
    Moderate Risk agents: Hep B, HIV
    Laboratory hazard is associated with percutaneous exposure, ingestion, or mucous membrane exposure
    Laboratory personnel have specific training and are directed by competent scientists
    Access to the laboratory is limited; biohazard warning signs
    Extreme precautions taken with sharps
    Biological safety cabinet used for procedures that generate splashes or aerosols
    Note: Risk is not one of inhalation!
    You should use a hood.
63
Q

What are the important considerations at BSL-3?

A
  1. Potential for aerosol transmission. You get it-lethal.
    Indigenous or exotic agents with potential for aerosol transmission; disease may have serous or lethal consequences
    Laboratory personnel have specific training and are supervised by scientists who are experienced in working with these agents
    All procedures involving manipulation of infectious agents are done in a biosafety cabinet or other physical containment devices
    The laboratory has special engineering and design features, including security
    **Use a really good hood!!! CDC inspected.
64
Q

What are the important considerations at BSL-4?

A
  1. Work with things like Ebola. 4 or 5 in the US
    Work done with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threatening disease
    Laboratory staff have specific and extensive training.
    Access to laboratory is highly controlled
    Facility is isolated and has special engineering and design features to prevent spread outside facility
    All activity confined to Class III biological safety cabinets (fully self contained) or Class II cabinets with personnel using positive pressure suits ventilated by a life support system

Block 6; Week 4-Michelle (5 decks)

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