Stereotypes, health related behaviour, disability, adherence, alcohol (1-3)

Question 0

What is the biomedical model of disease?

Answer 0

Body is machine, is a physiological process that has gone wrong therefore treatment acts on the disease and not the person

Medics responsibility, western medicine, little psychological and social factors

Question 1

What is health pyschology

Answer 1

The study of psychological and behavioural process in health, illness and healthcare.
Looking at the psychological, behavioural and cultural factors to physical health and illness

Question 2

What is the biopsychosocial model (Engel)?

Answer 2

Evidence for this model comes from changes to social environments. Includes psycho (cognition, emotion and behavioural) and social (class, employment and support) into the reasons behind disease

Treat also social and psychological aspects, patients has a role, hollistic

Question 3

What is sterotyping?

Why do with have social schemata?

Answer 3

Generalisations we make about specific social groups and members is It focuses on neg traits, is resistant to change even with experience and overlooks diversity within a group

an example of social schemata…
- social identification - self esteem - understanding the environment

Question 4

What is the purpose of schemata?

Answer 4

To save processing power, space and allow anticipation for an event or an encounter

Question 5

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 5

Prejudice is an evaluation is a attitude towards a person that is based on a negative stereotype
Where as discrimination is an acting on prejudice
So behaving differently with people from different groups because of their membership

Question 6

What is the stereotype of elderly/ageing process?

Answer 6

It is a period of stagnation, rigid, uncooperative, introinverted, can’t deal with change

Question 7

What is the difference between the results of cross sectional studies and longitudinal studies of ageing?

Answer 7

Cross sectional- gradual linear decrease. But diff in generations e.g. Education availability
Longitudinal- individuals followed throughout looking a specific areas of intellect. Decline was not the same in all areas

Question 8

What is the difference between crystalline and fluid intelligence?

Answer 8

Crystalline intelligence-> highly learnt skills. Stays with age
Fluid intelligence -> cognitive processing speed declines with age but increases with exercise

Either way there is a terminal drop in intelligence around death time

Question 9

What evidence is there to do with personality and ageing?

Answer 9

Freud- negative loose personality with time
Erikson- at different ages different challenges will effect you personality

Cross section- diff traits longitudinal- stability of traits

Question 10

What are the two models associated with successful ageing?

Depends on persons ability to adapt rapidly to enforced limitations with age

Answer 10

Disengagement- moving away from social environment is an adaptive mechanism

Active- Success requires max engagement in all areas of life

Question 11

Give some examples of when a persons personality may change with age…

Answer 11

• family role changes e.g. Birdies flying the nest
• family contact
• retirement
• bereavement

Question 12

What is health related behaviour? And give some examples?

Answer 12

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness

E.g. Smoking, drinking, exercise, safer sex

Question 13

What are the three learning theories associated with health behaviours?

Answer 13

Classical conditioning
Social learning theory
Operant conditioning

Question 14

What is classical conditioning?

How are behaviours learned by this mechanism changed?

Answer 14

Behaviours linked to unrelated stimuli, learning by association causes the formation of habits. little Albert study

• Pairing behaviour learnt with unpleasant response so chewing nails
• Breaking the unconscious cycle when performing the behaviour- rubber band around cigarette packet to make thinking time

Question 15

What is social learning theory?

Answer 15

Behaviour is modelled on social norm, celebrities and roll models key
booboo doll. Behaviour is observed and learnt and focused on goals
Different to other theories as psychological aspect
Harmful behaviours can be learnt though this method e.g. Anorexia and rugby drinking

Question 16

What is operant conditioning? Oohhh please…
How can they be changed?
What is a draw back?

Answer 16

Behaviours learnt from consequences of actions so reward and punishment
Bad -> negative response
Good -> positive money jar
Non healthy behaviours can be rewarding e.g feeling after sex

Question 17

Name the two social cognition models? How are they different of the learning theories?

Answer 17

Take into account cognition-> beliefs, knowledge, attitudes
Health belief model..
Theory of planned behaviour
But people don’t always act as the intend to

Question 18

What is the health belief model- a social cognition model of health related behaviour

Answer 18

The action we take is is based on three things

1) the cues we have (adverts)
2) beliefs about behaviour (benefits and barriers- money)
3) beliefs about threat (susceptibility and severity)

Question 19

What is the theory of planned behaviour? And give some examples that are more likely for an action to come about from a intention?

Answer 19

The intention comes about from attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norm, perceived control (can i do it, me?)
The intention is then translated into an action

Concrete planning is more likely to make this so e.g. Calander

Question 20

What are the 6 stages to the stages of change model

Answer 20

1) pre-contemplation-> no intention to change
2) contemplation -> change is a possibility
3) preparation -> thinking of going about it. Need good info
4) action
5) Maintenance (need good support)
6) Relapse-> not end/failure natural. Less likely avoid high risk situations

Question 21

Why do people drink?

What are examples of the tools for screening for alcohol?

Answer 21

Pleasure, social lubricant, peers, surrounding environment

Tools

• fast- fast alcohol screening test
• audit alcohol use dep identification kit
• PAT- paddington alcohol kit

Question 22

What are the five levels of drinking?

Answer 22

Low risk- abstention/guidelines
Hazardous- above no effects
Harmful- more often than hazardous, some signs of harm
Mod. Dep- degree of dep no withdrawal symptoms. DETOX needed
Serve dep- chronic alcoholics, habitit to stop withdrawl. Detox in hospital needed

Question 23

What is the acute and long term management of patients with alcohol problems?

Answer 23

Acute-> vitals, electrocytes, glucose, vit B1 (thiamine), diazpem to help stop withdrawal symptoms

Long term-> relapse med- disulfiram, nut supplements, supportive doctor, counselling/advice, correct social environment

Question 24

What are the two models that can be used to describe disability?

Answer 24

Medical model- disability is the individuals problem. WHO uses it -> any restriction or lack, resulting from an impairment of ability to perform any activity within normal range

Social model- unequal relationship within a society in which the needs of people with impairments are often given little or no consideration. It is a result of the environment and the barriers the people face.
E.g. Lack of a ramp for a wheelchair person

Question 25

What is the difference between compliance and adherence? What are the two types or adherence?
What are the problems with poor adherence to the doctor?

Answer 25

Compliance is the extent to which the patient complies with medical treatment

Adherence- the extent to which the patient follows exactly! (Dose, timing, when taking it) the medical advice. Patient centred idea.
Unintentional- arises from constraints and practical difficulties
Intentional- beliefs, attitudes and expectations that influence and patients motivation to begin and persist with a regieme

• expenditure, patients health, hospital admission

Question 26

How is adherence measured? And what are some of the challenges?

Answer 26

Indirectly-> subjective to honesty and therefore prone to bias. Pill counts, second hand reports, patient self report,

Directly-> urine, blood tests, direct observation in hospital (expensive, invasive, false neg, patients can play system- take medication before)

Question 27

Give some reasons why people not adhere to medical advice or treatment?

Answer 27

Illness factors- no symptoms, severity

Treatment factors- preparation (referral/waiting times), administration, consequences, immediate character (duration, expense, container design, complexity)

Psycho-social factors- health of patient (cognitive function, state), social support & context.

Medical consultation- communication, perceived competence, positive behaviours, perceived manner.

Patient factors- autonomy, patients beliefs about medication and illness (health belief model- cues, beliefs about behaviour- medication & threat- illness

Question 28

How is adherence improved?

Answer 28

Interventions- address any barriers problem to taking medication (cost, travel, memory), ensure patient understanding and recoil of information

Concordance- negotiation between doctor and patient to reach an agreement about regime so it is suited to individuals needs. So priorities and beliefs respected.Giving patient an element of choice, doctors taking less of a paternalistic role and patient active.

Question 29

Motivational interviewing in based on what theoretical basis?
And where is it being applied clinically?

Answer 29

Stages of change model

It is currently being applied to chronic illness management

Question 30

What are the five principles of motivational interviewing?-

Answer 30

Dears
D- evelop discrepancy-> own goals nor doctors
E-xpress empathy
A- void argument- may not then want to change
R- oll with resistance- challenge statements
S-upport self efficacy- making believe they can change and stick to it

Question 31

Can you name some ways motivational interviewing is done?

Answer 31

Establish rapport
Setting agenda
Assessing readiness to change
Sharpening the focus
Identifying disagreement
Eliciting self motivational statements
Handling resistance
Shifting the focus

Question 32

Name a health promotion intervention. And name what theories have been incorperated into the design

Answer 32

Food dudes- Goodies and baddies with certain types of food

• operant conditioning- positive reinforcement
• social learning theory- friends and role models looking up to them, they are eating fruit and veg