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Step 1 memorization > Step 1 > Flashcards

Step 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which vasculitis is associated w/ HBV?

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa

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2
Q

vasculitis - string of pearls

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

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3
Q

which small vessel vasculitis have granulomas?

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiits (wegner)

Churg Strauss

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4
Q

Which small vessel vasculitis show lesions of different stages of healing

A

Wegners

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5
Q

which small vessel vasculitis is assocated with eosinophilia

A

Churg Strauss

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6
Q

differences between wegners and microscopic polyangitis

A

wegers: granulomas, different stages of healing, involving oral mucosa, c-ANCA (P3-ANCA)
microscopic: no granulomas, no nasopharyngeal, same stages, p-ANCA (MPO-ANCA)

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7
Q

which vasculitis is associated with migratory pulmonary infiltrate

A

Churg Strauss

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8
Q

Cyclosporin action

A

binds to cyclophilin to calcineurin (no dephosphorylation of NFAT) ability to transcribe IL-2

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9
Q

Tacrolimus action

A

blocks FK506 to inhibit calcineurin (no dephosphorylation of NFAT) to prevent IL-2 trascription

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10
Q

Cycolosporin vs. Tacrolimus ADRs

A

both nephrotoxic
Cyco: HTN, hyperlipid, hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia
tacrolimus: diabetes (no hirsutism or gingival)

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11
Q

Sirolimus

A

also rapamycin
binds to FKBP to inhibit mTOR to decrease T and B cell response to IL2
Synergisitc of cyclosporin

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12
Q

ADRs Sirolimus

A

pancytopenia, insulin resistance, NO nephrotoxicity

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13
Q

Daclizumab

A

IL2 Rect Ab

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14
Q

Basilizimab

A

IL2 Rec Ab

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15
Q

Azathioprine

A

Block PRPP amidotransferase to decrease purine NTs

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16
Q

6-mercaptopurine

A

blocks PRPP amidotransferase to decrease NTs

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17
Q

Mycophenolate

A

inhibits IMP dehydrogenase to decrease PUrine NT synthesis

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18
Q

Mycophenolate ADRs

A

GI upset, pancytopenia, HTN, hyperglycemia, CMV infection

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19
Q

Leflunomide

A

inhibits dihydroorate dehydrogenase to decrease pyrimidine NTs

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20
Q

Alemtuzumab

A

Anti CD52 (mature lymphocytes) for CLL

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21
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Anti VEGF

Use colorectal, RCC, WMD

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22
Q

Cetuximab

A

anti EGFR – colorectal CA

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23
Q

Rituximab

A

anti CD20 - B cell non-hodgkins, CLL, RA, ITP

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24
Q

Adalimumab

A

anti TNF alpha - IBD, RA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis (increased susceptibility to TB)

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25
Q

Certolizumab

A

anti TNF alpha - IBD, RA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis (increased susceptibility to TB)

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26
Q

Ifliximab

A

anti TNF alpha - IBD, RA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis (increased susceptibility to TB)

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27
Q

Eculizumab

A

anti C5 (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)

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28
Q

Natalizumab

A

anti alpha4 integrin (decrease WBC adhesion) - MS, crohns - increased risk of PML with JC virus

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29
Q

Abciximab

A

anti iib/iiia - use for percutaneous coronary intervention

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30
Q

denosumab

A

anti RANKL

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31
Q

Omalizumab

A

anti IgE - prevents IgE from binding to FC

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32
Q

Palivizumab

A

anti RSV Fusion protein

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33
Q

Ranibizumab

A

Anti VEGF - wet macular degeneration

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34
Q

Ustekinumab

A

anti IL12 and IL23 - for NK and T activation - psoriasis

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35
Q

Imatinib

A

BCR-ABL and cKIT inihbitor

ADR: fluid retention

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36
Q

Erlotinib

A

tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR

ADR: puplo-pustular rash

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37
Q

Afatinib

A

tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR

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38
Q

Gefitinib

A

tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR

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39
Q

Sorafenib

A

Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor of VEGF

ADRs: Hyperkeratosis and rash, increased hemorrhage

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40
Q

Sunitinib

A

Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor of VEGF

ADRs: Hyperkeratosis and rash, increased hemorrhage

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41
Q

Vemurafenib

A

BRAF kinase inhibitor (not tyrosine) of V600E used for metastatic melanoma

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42
Q

Theophylline

A

inhibits phosphodiesterase to decrease cAMP hydrolysis and increase cAMP –> bronchodilation and blocks Adeoosine receptor
rarely used in asthma due to risk of seizure and arrythmia

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43
Q

Type1 hypercholesterolemia

A

hyperchylomicronemia - defect LPL or C11

milky white blood wth high chylomicrons and TG (risk of pancreatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, xanthomas)

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44
Q

Type 2A hypercholesterolemia

A

defect in LDL receptor - increased risk of CAD, xanthomas, corneal arcus

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45
Q

Type 3 hypercholesterolemia

A

defect in ApoE –> increased IDL

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46
Q

Type 4 hyperchoelsterolemia

A

defect to cause increase VLDL with risk of pancreatitis

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47
Q

Abetaproteinemia

A

decrease in B48 and B100 to decrase chylomicrons –> accumulation in RBCs to crease acanthocytic RBCs, diarrhea, failure to thrive

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48
Q

which misregulated lipid metabolism increase risk of CVD

A

Type 2 - decreased LDL receptors

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49
Q

which misregulated lipid metabolism increase risk of pancreatitis

A

defect in LPL, C11 or increaed VLDL

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50
Q

VPL

A

thalamus - spinothalamic, dorsal column, medial leminisus

sensory body

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51
Q

VPM

A

thalamus sensory face

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52
Q

LGN

A

Input from CN II to calcarine sulcus - visual

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53
Q

MGN

A

input from superior olive and inferior colliculus to auditory cortex- sound

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54
Q

Anterior nucleus - thalamus

A

learning and memory

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55
Q

Pulvinar nucleus

A

integraes visual, aud, somatosensory

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56
Q

H line in muscle

A

Thick mysoin

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57
Q

I line in muscle

A

Thin actin

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58
Q

M line - muscle

A

middle of H line (myosin)

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59
Q

A- muscle

A

Thick myosin with actin overlap - doesn’t change

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60
Q

Oligomycin

A

inhibits ATP synthase

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61
Q

what inhibits cytochrome c

A

CO and cyanide

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62
Q

anamycinA

A

inhbit compelx 3 of ETC

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63
Q

Amobarbitol

A

inhbiits complex 1 of ETC

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64
Q

rotanone

A

inhibits complex 1 of ETC

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65
Q

what cause H+ leak

A

2,4 dinotrophenol, aspirin, thermogenin

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66
Q

H+ leakage - proton gradient and O2 consumption

A

decreases proton gradient and increase O2 consumption

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67
Q

what decreases H+ gradient and decrease O2 consumption in ETCs

A

inhibition of all complex

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68
Q

what increases H+ gradient and decrease O2 consumption

A

Oligomycin - ATP synthase

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69
Q

Glucokinase vs. Hexokinase

A

Glucokinase - low affinity (high Km) but high Vmax

Hexokinase - high affinity (low Km) but low Vmax

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70
Q

Cori

A

defect in alpha 1-6 dlugosiades - like Von Girks but without lactic acid or severe hypoglycemia

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71
Q

Andersons

A

branching enzyme defect

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72
Q

Hers

A

Defect in hepatic glycogen phosphorylase

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73
Q

Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase

A

FA synthesis - rate limiting

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74
Q

what is the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis

A

Acteyl Co-A Carboxylase

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75
Q

what shuttle is involved in FA synthesis

A

Citrate

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76
Q

RL step in beta ox

A

CAT1

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77
Q

Tryptophan makes

A

Niacin, NAD and NADP, serotonin, Melatonin

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78
Q

Glycine makes

A

porphyrine and heme

79
Q

Glutamate makes

A

gaba and glutathione

80
Q

arginine makes

A

Creatinine, urea, NO

81
Q

enzymes requiring B1

A

alpha ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenates and transkelatase (ATP)

82
Q

enzymes for B2

A

FAD - Succinate dehydrogenase

FMN - NADH dehydrogenase (complex 1)

83
Q

Vitamin B6 is used for:

A

GAba, serotonin, DA, Histamine

84
Q

Biotin enzymes

A

AcetylcoCarboxylase, Pyruvate carbozylate, propionylcoA carboxylase

85
Q

Acting out

A

tantrum

86
Q

Displacement

A

avoided feelings transfered to neutral person

87
Q

Dissociation

A

drastic change in personality to avoid stress

88
Q

Fixation

A

partially fixating on childhoodish thing

89
Q

idealization

A

focusing on only + and ignoring negative

90
Q

identification

A

modeling behavior after soeone more powerful (abused becomes abuser)

91
Q

isolation of affect

A

separation feeling from events

92
Q

Rationalization

A

logical reasons to avoid true explanation - to avoid self blame

93
Q

Reaction formation

A

replacing warded off idea with UNCONCIOUS emphasis on opposite

94
Q

Regression

A

involuntarily turning back maturational clock

95
Q

repression

A

involuntarily witholding idea from conscious

96
Q

Sublimation

A

using energy from unfilled desire in constructive manner

97
Q

Suppression

A

a conscious decision to ignore conflict

98
Q

Humor

A

appreciating amusing nature of anxiety event

99
Q

what are mature defense

A

sublimation, supression, altrusim, humor

100
Q

Displacement vs. projection

A

avoided feeling transferred to netural person (displacement)

projection-internal impulse in attributed to external source

101
Q

Fixation vs. regression

A

fixating on one aspect of childhood vs. turning back maturational clock

102
Q

Repression vs. supression

A

repression is involuntary vs consious suppression of conflict

103
Q

Trasnference

A

shifting emotions or desires from past with another person to a person in present

104
Q

Tight junction

A

zona occludens - caludins, occludens, JAMs

105
Q

Zone adherens

A

join actin with neighboring cadherins

106
Q

Macula adherens

A

desmosomes (cadherins - desmogelin, desmocollin)

107
Q

gap junction

A

Connexins

108
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

integrins

109
Q

NF1

A

Ras GTPase on CH17

110
Q

NF2

A

merlin

111
Q

VHL

A

cavernous hemangioma, BL RCC, hemangioblastoma, Pheo

112
Q

STK11

A

puetz jeuger

113
Q

PTEN

A

Cowden

114
Q

angiogenesisi factors

A

VEGF, FGF

115
Q

PDGF

A

smooth m. growth, endothelium growth

116
Q

what Acute phase reactants increase?

A

CRP, ESR, ferritin, fibrinogen (ESR), hepcidin, amyloid A

117
Q

what acute phase reactants decrease

A

albumin and transferrin

118
Q

mesolimbic

A

Ventraltegmental to nucleus accumbens - reward + symptoms

119
Q

mesocrotical

A

arcuate to frontal lobe - - symptoms

120
Q

ASA overdoes tx

A

Bicarbonate, dialysis

121
Q

Dimercaprol

A

cheates gold and mercury

122
Q

Cyanide toxicity

A

almond breat, trismus, cardiac arrest - Nitrates or hydroxycoalbumin

123
Q

Lead overdose

A

EDTA

124
Q

TCA overdose

A

NaHCO3

125
Q

Arch1

A

Maxillary A. V2, V3

126
Q

arch 2

A

Stapedial and hyoid a., CN VII

127
Q

arch 3

A

In. and common carotid, IX

128
Q

Arch 4

A

Aortic arch and rt. subclavian, X

129
Q

Arch 5

A

Ductus arteriosis, pulmonary a, X Recurrent

130
Q

T cell markers

A

TCR, CD2, CD3, CD28

131
Q

CD4 markers

A

CD4, CD40L

132
Q

T reg markers

A

CD4, CD25 (IL2 receptor)

133
Q

B cell marker

A

B7, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, MHCII

134
Q

Macrophage marker

A

B7, CD14**, CD40, MDHII, FcR, C3bR

135
Q

NK markers

A

CD16, CD56

136
Q

Stem Cell marker

A

CD34

137
Q

IL12

A

from macrophages - activates NK and TH1

138
Q

INFgamma

A

activates Macrophage, NK
inhibits IL4 mediated IgE,
promotes TH1 and decrease Th2

139
Q

TNF alpha

A

from macrophages - septick shock, vascular leak, leukocyte recruit, granulomas

140
Q

D1 and D2

A

S and I

141
Q

H1 and H2

A

Q and S

142
Q

V1 and V2

A

Q and S

143
Q

what is required for Purine synthesis

A

Ribose 5 phosphate, glycline, asparate, and glutamine

144
Q

what is quired for pyrimidine synthesis

A

CO2, Glutamine, asparate

145
Q

Myotonic TYpe 1 dystrophy

A

CTG repeats in DMPK

146
Q

Fragile X

A

CGG repeats of FMR1

147
Q

Frederick Ataxia

A

GAA repeats

148
Q

HD

A

CAG

149
Q

CYP450 - Chronic Acoholism

A

Inducer

150
Q

CYP450 - St. Johns Wart

A

Inducer

151
Q

CYP450 - Phenobarbitol

A

Inducer - increase ALA synthase in Heme

152
Q

CYP450 Phenytoin

A

inducer

153
Q

CYP450 Neviripine

A

Inducer

154
Q

CYP450 rifampin

A

inducer

155
Q

CYP450 Griseofulvin

A

inducer

156
Q

CYP450 Carbazamine

A

inducer

157
Q

CYP450 Acute alochol

A

inhibitor

158
Q

CYP450 Ritonavir

A

inhibitor

159
Q

CYP450 Amidarone

A

inhibitor

160
Q

CYP450 Cimetidine

A

inhibitor

161
Q

CYP450 ciprr

A

inhibitor

162
Q

CYP450 ketoconazole

A

inhibitor

163
Q

CYP450 sulfonamides

A

inhibitor

164
Q

CYP450 isoniazid

A

inhibitor

165
Q

CYP450 valproate

A

inhibitor

166
Q

CYP450 Grapefruit juice

A

inhibitor

167
Q

CYP450 Quinidine

A

inhibitor

168
Q

CYP450 Macrolides

A

inhibitor - excep axithromycin

169
Q

Sjogrens

A

Anti Ro and La (riboncueloprotein)

170
Q

Sclerodorma

A

AntiSCL70 (topo I), anti RNA pol III

171
Q

mixed CT disease

A

anti U1 RNP (splicing)

172
Q

Dermatomyosits - cell

A

CD4

173
Q

Polymyocytis cell

A

CD8

174
Q

Dermato/polymyocitis

A

Anti- Jo1 (histidyl-tRNA), anti SRP (signal recognition protein in translocation to ER), anti Mi2 (helicase)

175
Q

Additions antibodie

A

Anti 21 or 17 hydroxylase

176
Q

HLA-A3

A

hemochromatosis

177
Q

hemochromatosis - HLA

A

A3

178
Q

DR2 -

A

MS, SLE, Goodpastures

179
Q

DQ2

A

Celiac

180
Q

DQ8

A

Celiac

181
Q

DR3

A

Graves, T1D, Hashimotos, SLE, Addisons

182
Q

DR4

A

RA, T1D, temporal arteritis, addision

183
Q

DR5

A

hashimotos

184
Q

Graves HLA

A

DR3

185
Q

Celiac HLA

A

DQ2 and DQ8

186
Q

SLE HLA

A

DR2 and DR3

187
Q

Good pastures HLA

A

DR2

188
Q

T1D HLA

A

DR3 and DR4

189
Q

Addison HLA

A

DR3 and DR4

190
Q

Hashimotos hLA

A

DR5

191
Q

Blood:Gas ratio (high)

A

high solubility (more protein bound)- slow onset and offset

192
Q

Blood:gas ratio (low)

A

low solubility - fast onset and offset

193
Q

effects of inhaled anesthetics

A

increase ICP, decrease HR and BP, decrease tidal volume but increase RR, decrease fenal flow

Step 1 memorization (2 decks)

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