Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > STEP 1 > Flashcards

STEP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Warfarin

A
  • inhibits vit K dependent gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, and protein C and S.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amphotericin B

A
  • binds ergosterol, alters permeability of fungal cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atenolol

A
  • selective beta1 antagonist
  • causes decreased HR and contractility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Protease Inhibitors

A
  • -navir
  • inhibit HIV protease enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Demeclocycline

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding ribosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Macrolides

A
  • erythromycin
  • clarithromycin
  • azithromycin
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
  • bind 50S, inhibit formation of initiation complex
  • inhibit translocation of aminoacyl peptide during protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Olanzapine

A
  • Atypical Antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Liraglutide

A
  • GLP-1 analog
  • decreases glucose levels, increases insulin levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Argatroban

A
  • direct thrombin inhibitor
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cilastatin

A
  • inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I that inactivates imipenem in renal tubules to increase its action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pioglitazone

A
  • thiazolidinedione
  • binds PPAR-gamma, causing upregulation of genes.
    causes decrease in insulin resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cefepime

A
  • 4th gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tetracaine

A
  • ester local anesthetic
  • blocks Na channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • gentamicin
  • neomycin
  • amikacin
  • tobramycin
  • streptomycin
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
  • binds 30S, inhibits formation of initiation complex causes mRNA misreading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Halothane

A
  • general inhaled anesthetic
  • directly activates GABAa receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Quinidine

A
  • Class IA anti-arrhythmic agent
  • binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte.
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
  • delays phase 3 repolarization
  • prolongs QT interval
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atracurium

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
  • acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Isosorbide Dinitrate

A
  • converted to NO
  • causes smooth muscle relaxation, reduced preload
  • acts on smooth muscle veins
  • relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cefoxitin

A
  • 2nd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clindamycin

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Class III Antiarrhythmics

A
  • sotalol
  • ibutilide
  • dofetilide
  • amiodarone
  • bretylium
  • binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte
  • prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential
  • prolonged QT interval
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Flurazepam

A
  • long-acting benzo
  • enhanced GABAa receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions of CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A
  • metabolized to intermediate by CYP450.
  • alkylating agent, cross-links DNA to decrease DNA and RNA synthesis
  • suppresses B and T cell function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clomiphene

A
  • partial agonist at estrogen receptors in pituitary gland
  • increases LH and FSH, causes ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Alendronate
* bisphosphonate * decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
13
Prednisone
* synthetic corticosteroid * mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids * causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 * stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
14
Morphine
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
14
Valproic Acid
* increases GABA concentrations * effects Na and K conductance across neuronal cell membrane
15
Ritonavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease, can't replicate
16
Dantrolene
* inhibits Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of myocytes * causes muscle relaxation
17
Miglitol
* alpha-glucosidase inhibitor * inhibits alpha-glucosidase on brush border of SI. * causes decreased absorption of postprandial carbohydrates, decreases postprandial glucose levels
17
Risperidone
* atypical antipsychotic * blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
18
Carvedilol
* alpha1 beta1 beta2 blocker * via beta1 decrease HR and contractility. * via beta2 get bronchoconstriction * via alpha1 get decreased BP
18
Chlorothiazide
* thiazide diuretic * inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule * increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
19
Amantadine
* binds M2 surface protein proton channel on influenza A. * blocks uncoating of viral RNA * stimulates release of DA from neurons in nigra striatum
19
Selegiline
* MAOI B inhibitors
19
Sirolimus
* immunosuppressant in kidney transplant patients * inhibits mTOR by binding with FKBP
19
Semilente Insulin
* quick onset (6hr) * intermediate acting (10-12hr)
20
Carbidopa
* inhibits DOPA-decarboxylase in periphery
21
Dabigatran
* direct thrombin inhibitor * directly inhibits thrombin * interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
21
Fluphenazine
* high potency typical antipsychotic * blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
22
Brinzolamide
* carbonic anhydrase inhibitor * works in proximal convoluted tubule * causes less bicar reabsorbed, more Na lost, increasing loss of water and electrolytes * causes decreased production aqueous humor
24
Ampicillin
* aminopenicillin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis.
24
Candesartan
* ARB * blocks angiotensin II at AT1 receptor * decreases peripheral vascular resistance and decreases effective circulating volume of fluid
24
Cefazolin
* 1st gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
25
Minocycline
* protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding ribosome
25
Primaquine
* for hepatic form of malaria
26
Thiazide Diuretics
* hydrochlorothiazide * chlorothiazide * metolazone * chlorthalidone * indapamide
27
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
* -statin * atorvastatin * pravastatin * lovastatin * rosuvastatin * simvastatin * fluvastatin
28
Class IV Antiarrhythmics
* verapamil * diltiazem * blocks voltage-gated Ca channels in cardiac and smooth muscles * blocks in SA and AV nodal cells * slows phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, prolongs PR interval, delays repolarization of myocyte
29
Bile Acid Resins
* cholestyramine * colestipol * colesevelam * inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
29
Bupivacaine
* amide local anesthetic * blocks Na channels
29
Cephalosporins
* 1st gen: Cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine. * 2nd gen: cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefuroxime, cefprozil, loracarbef, ceforanide, cefoxitin, cefmetazole, cefotetan * 3rd gen: cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefditoren pivoxil, ceftibuten, moxalactam * 4th gen: cefepime * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
29
Prostaglandins
* alprostadil * misoprostol * latanoprost * dinoprostone * carboprost * treprostinil * epoprostenol * iloprost
30
Cimetidine
* H2 receptor blocker * reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor * decreased activity of H/K proton pump * decreases gastric acid secretion
31
Diltiazem
* Class IV Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * blocks voltage-gated Ca channels in cardiac and smooth muscles * blocks in SA and AV nodal cells * slows phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, prolongs PR interval, delays repolarization of myocyte * causes peripheral vasodilation and decreased contractility
32
Corticosteroids
* prednisone * hydrocortisone * cortisone * prednisolone * methylprednisolone * betamethasone * dexamethosone
32
Quetiapine
* atypical antipsychotic * blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
34
ARBs
* -sartan * blocks angiotensin II at AT1 receptor * decreases peripheral vascular resistance and decreases effective circulating volume of fluid
34
PPI
* omeprazole * lansoprazole * rabeprazole * pantoprazole * esomeprazole * irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump * suppresses gastric acid secretion
36
Azithromycin
* macrolide * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation
36
Guaifenesin
* expectorant * irritates vagal receptors in gastrum leads to secretion of less viscous mucous from bronchial epithelium * stimulates resp tract secretion flow
37
Desipramine
* 1st gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
37
Phentolamine
* reversible alpha receptor antagonist * to diagnose pheochromocytoma
38
Loop Diuretics
* furosemide * bumetanide * torsemide * ethacrynic acid
39
Cetirizine
* 2nd gen H1 receptor blocker * blocks H1 receptor * causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
39
Colestipol
* Bile acid resin * inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
39
Dobutamine
* beta1 agonist, weak agonist at alpha1 and beta2. * ⇒ increased HR and contractility
40
TMP-SMX
* sulfonamide * TMP: protein synthesis inhibitor. * inhibits folic acid synthesis via dihydrofolate reductase * SMX: analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase * causes DNA synthesis disruption
41
Clozapine
* atypical antipsychotic * blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
42
Rifampin
* inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, causes less RNA synthesis.
43
Ibuprofen
* NSAID * reversibly inhibits COX1 and 2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis * analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
44
Exenatide
* GLP-1 analog * decreases glucose levels and increases insulin levels
45
Gatifloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
45
Heparin
* binds anti-thrombin III to accelerate action of anti-thrombin III to degrade clotting factors
46
Amphetamine
* stimulates release of NE, Epi, DA from neurons * causes insomnia, decreased appetite
46
Suramin
* inhibits parasitic enzymes in energy metabolism * use: early T. brucei
47
Ifosfamide
* metabolized to intermediate by CYP450 * acts as alkylating agent and cross-links DNA, decreases DNA and RNA synthesis * suppresses B and T cell function
48
Dopamine
* alpha1 agonist at high doses * beta and D1 agonist at lower doses * ⇒ increased HR and contractility, increased renal and splanchnic blood flow from D1
49
Acetylcysteine
* antidote for acetaminophen overdose
49
Torsemide
* loop diuretic, sulfonamide * inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle * causes retention of NaCl, K, water in tubular lumen, and loss of water and electrolytes
50
Lomustine
* nitrosourea * alkylating agent * cross-links DNA to decrease DNA and RNA synthesis
50
Nitroglycerin
* converted to NO * causes smooth muscle relaxation, reduced preload * acts on smooth muscle veins * relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle
51
Clotrimazole
* inhibits ergosterol formation by inhibiting fungal CYP450s.
52
Atypical Antipsychotics
* clozapine * risperidone * olanzapine * ziprasidone * aripiprazole * quetiapine * blocks both 5-HT2 and DA receptors
52
Mebendazole
* inhibits microtubule synthesis and function * use: whipworm (Trichuris), hookworm (Necator/Ancylostoma), roundworm (Ascaris), pinworm (Enterobius)
52
Theophylline
* inhibits phosphodiesterase * causes increased cAMP, leading to bronchodilation
53
Benztropine
* M1 M2 M3 antagonist * acts on M1 in corpus striatum to increase DA * use: Parkinson
54
Methicillin
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis.
54
Streptokinase
* fibrinolytic * promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
55
Metformin
* biguanide * inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis causing decreased GI absorption * increases peripheral utilization of glucose by adipose and skeletal muscle
56
Mexiletine
* Class IB Anti-Arrhythmic Agents * binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte * shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
57
Leflunomide
* inhibits dihydroorate dehydrogenase
58
Colchicine
* gout agent * induces microtubular depolymerization by binding tubulin. * causes decreased migration of leukocytes * blocks formation of leukotriene B4.
59
Cytarabine
* converted to araCTP that competitively inhibits DNA polymerase * impairs DNA synthesis, causes termination of DNA strand elongation
59
Isoniazid
* inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids
60
Misoprostol
* analog of PGE1 * increases uterine contractions, inhibits gastric acid secretion, increases mucosal protection in stomach
61
Desmopressin
* natural hormone * V1: vasoconstricts * V2: increases permeability to water in collecting duct * V3: increases factor VIII activity
62
Pyrimethamine
* inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis * tx and prophylaxis of P. falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii
63
Raloxifene
* estrogen receptor modulator, acts as mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist * tx: osteoporosis
64
Class II Antiarrhythmics
* beta blockers: * propranolol * carvedilol * metoprolol
65
Carboprost
* analog of PGF2alpha * increases uterine contractions
65
Tazobactam
* inactivates bacterial beta lactamases * added to piperacillin
66
Ofloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
67
Pyridostigmine
* reversible AChEI * increases stimulation at Nn and M receptors
68
Sulfamethizole
* sulfonamide * analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
69
Carbachol
* muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonist * via M3 causes miosis
70
Infliximab
* chimeric Ab that binds TNF-alpha and inhibits binding of TNF-alpha with receptor
71
Teniposide
* inhibits topoisomerase II * causes DNA strand breakage
72
Lansoprazole
* PPI * irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump * suppresses gastric acid secretion ​
73
Doxorubicin
* antracycline * blocks DNA and RNA synthesis via insertion * produces oxygen free radicals * disrupts fluid and ion transport across cell membrane
73
Isocarboxazid
* MAOI * inhibits MAO, increases levels of 5-HT, NE, DA
73
Imatinib
* competitive inhibitor of tyrosine kinase enzymes of abl, c-kit, and PDGF-R
73
Itraconazole
* inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal CYP450s
73
Nifedipine
* CCB * block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells. * causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
73
Rosuvastatin
* HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor * increases concentration of LDL receptors
73
Tacrolimus
* binds FKBP-12, inhibits calcineurin * decreases IL-2 production * decreases activation of T cells
74
Bivalirudin
* direct thrombin inhibitor * directly inhibits thrombin * interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
75
Doxycycline
* protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to ribosome
76
Aripiprazole
* Atypical Antipsychotic * blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
76
Doxazosin
* alpha1 antagonist * decreases BP and prostatic/bladder neck contraction
76
Ocreotide
* synthetic analogue of somatostatin * inhibits release of secretin, gastrin, TSH, VIP, growth hormone * reduces GI motility, causes vasoconstriction
76
Terazosin
* selective alpha1 antagonist * causes decreased BP, decreased prostatic and bladder neck contraction.
77
Varenicline
* partial agonist and antagonist of alpha4/beta2 nicotinic ACh receptors in brain * use: smoking cessation
78
Diphenoxylate
* anti-diarrheal * binds opioid receptors in intestine to inhibit ACh release and decrease peristalsis
78
H1-Receptor Blockers
* diphenhydramine * promethazine * meclizine * hydroxyzine * doxylamine
79
Lovastatin
* HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor * increases concentration of LDL receptors
79
Terbutaline
* beta2 agonist * causes bronchodilation and reduces contractions
80
Meropenem
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
81
Abacavir
* NRT inhibitor * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase * competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
82
Memantine
* NMDA receptor antagonist * decreases neuronal excitation by glutamate
82
Zolpidem
* GABAa receptor agonist * binds at same place as benzos. * decreases activity of CNS neurons
84
Captopril
* ACEI * inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase * causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
85
Albendazole
* inhibits microtubule synthesis and function. * use: whipworm (Trichuris), hookworm (Necator/Ancylostoma), roundworm (Ascaris), pinworm (Enterobius), **strongyloidiasis, neurocysticercosis.**
86
Streptozocin
* nitrosourea * alkylating agent * cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
87
Sulfadiazine
* sulfonamide * analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
88
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
* abciximab * eptifibatide * tirofiban
89
Ziprasidone
* atypical antipsychotic * blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
90
Lispro
* rapid onset synthetic insulin * lasts 3-4 hr
91
Mycophenolate Mofetil
* acts within B and T lymphocytes to inhibit monophosphate dehydrogenase * decreases GMP synthesis, causes less DNA synthesis in B and T cells
93
Codeine
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
94
Haloperidol
* high potency typical antipsychotic * blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
95
GLP-1 analgoues
* GLP-1 mimic. * exenatide * liraglutide * increases insulin secretion, slows intestinal absorption of glucose, decreases glucagon secretion.
96
Dofetilide
* for atrial arrhythmias
97
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog
* exenatide * liraglutide
98
Omeprazole
* PPI * irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump * suppresses gastric acid secretion
99
Rivastigmine
* reversible AChEI * increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
100
Class IA Antiarrhythmics
* quinidine * procainamide * disopyramide * binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte. * prolongs phase 0 depolarization * delays phase 3 repolarization * prolongs QT interval
101
Neostigmine
* reversible AChEI * increases stimulation at Nn and M receptors
102
Betaxolol
* selective beta1 antagonist * causes decreased HR and contractility
103
Gentamicin
* aminiglycoside * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex, causes mRNA misreading
104
Hydrochlorothiazide
* thiazide diuretic * inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule * increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
106
6-Mercaptopurine
* converted to thio-IMP by HGPRT * inhibits purine synthesis via feedback inhibition * thio-IMP converted to thio-GTP and causes DNA or RNA instability
107
Lactulose
* bulking laxative * draws water into intestine via osmosis * distends bowel, increases motility
107
Nystatin
* alters fungal cell membrane permeability * for topical or oral candidiasis
108
Clarithromycin
* macrolide * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation
110
Allopurinol
* gout agent * inhibits xanthine oxidase
111
Iloprost
* analog of PGI2 * inhibits platelet aggregation, produces vasodilation
112
Pralidoxime
* reverses AChEI
113
Gabapentin
* GABA analogue * interacts with Ca ion channels in CNS * may decrease glutamate and NE release
114
Venlafaxine
* heterocyclic antidepressant * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
115
Methyldopa
* alpha2 agonist * causes decreased central adrenergic activity with decreased vasoconstriction
115
Saquinavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease so can't replicate
116
Calcium Carbonate
* antacid * weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
116
Regular Insulin
* rapid onset (peak 2-3hr) * short acting (5-7hr)
118
Chlorpromazine
* low potency typical antipsychotic * blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
119
Digoxin
* inhibits Na/K ATPase pump * increases intracellular Na, decreases activity of Na/Ca exchanger * increases intracellular Ca, increases cardiac myocyte contractility * increases parsympathetic outflow
119
Ganciclovir
* analogue of guanosine. * phosphorylated by viral kinase, inhibits CMV DNA polymerase.
120
Desirudin
* direct thrombin inhibitor * directly inhibits thrombin * interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
121
Pancuronium
* non-depolarizing NMJ blocker * acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
123
Chlorpropamide
* 1st gen sulfonylurea. * stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
124
Celecoxib
* irreversibly inhibits COX-2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis
125
Echothiophate
* AChEI * increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
126
Metoclopramide
* antagonist at D2 receptor * blocks activation of vomiting reflex pathway * stimulates gastric and SI motility
127
Tiagabine
* inhibits reuptake of GABA in synaptic cleft
128
Hydralazine
* directly relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle * causes decreased BP * may block Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction
129
DPP-4 Inhibitors
* sitagliptin * vildagliptin * saxagliptin * linagliptin * inhibits DPP-4. * increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
129
Flumazenil
* competitive agonist of benzodiazepines * for benzo overdose
129
Tirofiban
* glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor * binds GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelet, inhibits binding/cross-linking of fibrinogen and vWf to receptor * impedes platelet aggregation
130
Salmerterol
* analog of albuterol * long acting beta2 agonist * for asthma and COPD
132
Antacids
* aluminum hydroxide * magnesium hydroxide * calcium carbonate * sodium bicarbonate * weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
133
Ciprofloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA.
134
Bretylium
* Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte * prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential * prolonged QT interval
135
Urokinase
* fibrinolytic * promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
136
Lithium
* inhibits phosphoinositol second messenger cascade. interferes with synthesis, storage, release, reuptake of NE, DA, 5-HT
136
Vigabatrin
* irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase
137
Fibrinolytics
* streptokinase * urokinase * anistreplase * alteplase * reteplase * promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
137
Leuprolide
* GnRH agonist * continuous use causes decreased LH and FSH and decreased levels estrogens and testosterone
138
Timolol
* beta1 and beta2 antagonist * via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP * via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
140
Doxepin
* 1st gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
141
Oxybutynin
* M1 M2 M3 antagonist * increases bladder sphincter tone
142
Dexamethasone
* synthetic corticosteroid * mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids * causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 * stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
143
Isoproterenol
* beta1 beta2 agonist * causes increased HR and contractility. * produces peripheral vasodilation, bronchodilation
144
Saxagliptin
* DPP-4 inhibitor * inhibits DPP-4. * increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
145
Dextromethorphan
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
145
Sumatriptan
* stimulates presynaptic 5-HT1b/1d receptors * inhibits vasodilation and inflammation of dura
146
SSRI
* fluoxetine * paroxetine * sertraline * fluvoxamine * escitalopram * duloxetine * citalopram * prevent reuptake of 5-HT
148
Amlodipine
* CCB * block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells. * causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
149
Chlordiazepoxide
* intermediate-acting benzo * enhanced GABAa receptor activation * decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions
150
Tolbutamide
* 1st gen sulfonylurea. * stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels
151
Stavudine
* NRT inhibitor * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase * competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
153
Ethambutol (ETH)
* anti-mycobacterial agent * inhibits mycobacterial arabinosyl transferase * interferes with mycobacterial cell wall synthesis
154
Fondaparinux
* binds anti-thrombin III to accelerate selective action of antithrombin III to inhibit factor Xa * inhibits coag cascade
155
Methotrexate
* inhibits dihydrofolate reductase * causes diminished thymidylate and decreases DNA synthesis
157
Didanosine
* NRT inhibitor * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase * competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
158
Nortriptyline
* 1st gen TCA * block reuptake of NE and 5-HT
159
Griseofulvin
* interferes with microtubule function in fungal cells in skin, nails, hair
160
Smoking Cessation Agents
* bupropion and varenicline
162
Chloramphenicol
* protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 50S, inhibits peptidyl transferase = inhibits elongation of peptide chain
162
Colesevelam
* Bile acid resin * inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
162
Meglitinides
* repaglinide * nateglinide * binds K channel on pancreatic beta-cell * stimulates release of insulin
163
Lamivudine
* NRT inhibitor * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase * competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
164
Spironolactone
* aldosterone receptor antagonist * competitively inhibits aldosterone receptor in cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubule * decreases salt and water retention, increases salt and water loss * less K excretion in urine
165
Sulfisoxazole
* sulfonamide * analogue of PABA, inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
166
Enalapril
* ACEI * inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase * causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
167
Glyburide
* 2nd gen sulfonylurea. * stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
168
Methoxyflurane
* general inhaled anesthetic * directly activates GABAa receptors
168
Prednisolone
* synthetic corticosteroid * mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids * causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 * stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
168
Cefaclor
* 2nd gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
168
Zafirlukast
* reversible inhibitor of cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor * blocks leukotrienes C4, D4, E4.
169
Miconazole
* inhibits ergosterol formation by inhibiting fungal CYP450s.
171
Cisplatin
* alkylating agent that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis * cross-links DNA
172
Cilostazol
* inhibits cAMP PDE III that breaks down cAMP. * causes increased cAMP, inhibits TXA2 synthesis, promotes prostacyclin production * inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, promotes vasodilation
173
Nalidixic Acid
* a quinolone * little effect clinically
174
Sildenafil
* selectively inhibits cGMP specific PDE-5 in corpus cavernosum of penis * increases cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle of penis leads to erection
175
Tamsulosin
* selective alpha1 antagonist * causes decreased BP, decreased prostatic and bladder neck contraction
177
Disulfiram
* inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
178
Ketamine
* general intravenous anesthetic * acts as NMDA receptor antagonist, decreases neuronal conduction.
179
Tramadol
* weak mu opioid receptor agonist
180
Acebutolol
* selective beta1 antagonist * causes decreased HR and contractility
181
Esmolol
* selective beta1 antagonist * causes decreased HR and contractility
181
Nitroprusside
* metabolized into NO in blood. * stimulates guanylate cyclase, increases cGMP, deactivates myosin light chain. * causes smooth muscle relaxation of peripheral veins and arteries * reduces afterload and preload
181
Triamterene
* blocks Na channels in distal cortical collecting tubule * blocks Na and water reabsorption * causes diuresis, decreases urinary K excretion.
182
Naloxone
* opioid receptor antagonist for overdose
182
NART Inhibitors
* nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors * tenofovir * adefovir * inhibit reverse transcriptase
183
Heterocyclic Antidepressants
* nefazodone * mirtazapine * venlafaxine * maprotiline * blocks reputake of NE and 5-HT * or inhibits activation of alpha2 receptors and 5-HT2 receptors
183
Hydrocodone
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
183
Loperamide
* anti-diarrheal * binds opioid receptors in intestine to inhibit ACh release and decrease gut peristalsis
184
Diphenhydramine
* first gen H1 receptor blocker * blocks H1 histamine receptor * causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
185
Bismuth Subsalicylate
* anti-diarrheal * binds intestinal toxins from E. coli, inhibits intestinal motlity by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, stimulates fluid absorption in bowel
185
Praziquantel
* for schistosomes, clonorchis, paragonimus, cystercercosis
186
NRT Inhibitors
* Zidovudine * Didanosine * Zalcitabine * Lamivudine * Stavudine * Emtricitabine * Abacavir * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase to inhibit DNA synthesis. * competes with nucleoside tirphosphates to be added to synthesized viral DNA.
187
Tobramycin
* aminoglycoside * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
188
Levetiracetam
* may bind to synaptic vesicle proteins, interrupt nerve conduction across neuronal synapse
189
Streptomycin
* aminoglycoside * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
191
Alteplase
* fibrinolytic * promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
193
Atazanavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
193
Tadalafil
* selectively inhibits cGMP specific PDE-5 in corpus cavernosum of penis * increases cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle of penis leads to erection
194
General Inhaled Anesthetics
* halothane * isoflurane * desflurane * sevoflurane * enflurane * methoxyflurane * directly activate GABAa receptors
196
Ceftriaxone
* 3rd gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, block peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
198
Famcicloir
* phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP * inhibits DNA synthesis
199
Eptifibatide
* glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor * binds GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelet, inhibits binding/cross-linking of fibrinogen and vWf to receptor * impedes platelet aggregation
200
Trazodone
* 2nd gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
201
Ticagrelor
* anti-platelet * reversible allosteric inhibitor of platelet P2Y12 receptor * use: acute coronary syndromes
202
Repaglinide
* Meglitinide * binds K channel on pancreatic beta-cell * stimulates release of insulin
204
Ceftazidime
* 3rd gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
205
Carmustine
* nitrosourea * alkylating agent * cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
207
Gemfibrozil
* fibrate * stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down triglycerides into VLDL and chylomicron and removed from circulation. * decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis
208
Levothyroxine
* synthetic form of T4
209
Dalteparin
* LMW heparin * binds anti-thrombin III, accelerates action of anti-thrombin III to degrade factor X
210
Zanamivir
* inhibits neuraminidase * for influenza A and B
212
Amikacin
* aminoglycoside * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
213
Abciximab
* glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor * binds GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelet, inhibits binding/cross-linking of fibrinogen and vWf to receptor * impedes platelet aggrevation
214
Etanercept
* inhibits binding of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta molecules to receptors
215
Propranolol
* beta1 and beta2 antagonist * via beta1 causes decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP * via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
216
Cocaine
* blocks Na+/K+ ATPase for reuptake of NE, 5-HT, and DA. * blocks voltage gated Na+ channels * ester local anesthetic
217
Donepezil
* reversible AChEI * increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
219
Indinavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
220
Glycerin
* osmotic diuretic * acts on proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle * increases tubular osmolarity, increases urine outflow, decreases effective circulating volume of body
221
Paroxetine
* SSRI * prevents reuptake of 5-HT
223
Azathioprine
* analog of 6-MP * converted to 6-MP in cell * inhibits purine synthesis
224
Melarsoprol
* may inhibit parasitic enzymes * use: late T. brucei
225
Darunavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
226
Nefazodone
* heterocyclic antidepressant * blocks reputake of NE and 5-HT
227
Methacholine
* M1 M2 M3 receptor agonist * via M3 causes smooth muscle contraction of bronchi
229
Fentanyl
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
230
Pilocarpine
* M1 M2 M3 receptor agonist * mostly acts at M3 * causes contraction of sphincter muscle of iris, contracts ciliary muscle
231
Indomethacin
* NSAID * reversible inhibitor of COX1 and 2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis * anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
232
Magnesium
* anti-arrhytmic agent * affects flow of Na, K, Ca channels
233
Latanoprost
* analog of PGF2alpha * increases aqueous humor drainage
235
Atorvastatin
* HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor * increases concentration of LDL receptors
237
Clavulanic Acid
* inactivates beta-lactamases
237
Heroin
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
238
Dapsone (DAP)
* anti-mycobacterial agent * PABA antagonist * inhibits folic acid synthesis
238
Sodium Stibogluconate
* may inhibit parasitic glycolysis * use: leishmaniasis
240
Bromocriptine
* partial DA receptor agonist
242
Cefprozil
* 2nd gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
243
Carbamazepine
* inhibits flow of Na through Na channels, hyperpolarizes and decreases activity of neuron
244
Duloxetine
* SSRI * prevents reuptake of 5-HT
244
Ketoconazole
* inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes. * inhibits mammalian CYP450, disrupts gonadal and adrenal steroid synthesis.
246
Cromolyn
* anti-inflammatory agent for asthma exacerbation
247
Eszopiclone
* GABAa receptor agonist * binds at same place as benzo * decreases activit of CNS neurons
247
Cefuroxime
* 2nd gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
249
Cardiac Glycosides
* digoxin * digitoxin * ouabain
250
Enflurane
* general inhaled anesthetic * directly activates GABAa receptors
252
Lidocaine
* Class IB Anti-Arrhythmic Agents * binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte * shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
254
Diclofenac
* NSAID * reversible inhibitor of COX1 and 2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis * anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
255
Phenylephrine
* alpha1 agonist * ⇒ systemic vasoconstriction, pupil dilation.
257
Fluoroquinolones
* -floxacin * ciprofloxacin * norfloxacin * ofloxacin * sparfloxacin * gatifloxacin * moxifloxacin * levofloxacin * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
258
Glimepiride
* 3rd gen sulfonylurea. * stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
259
Nafcillin
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibbits cell wall synthesis
261
Acetazolamide
* carbonic anhydrase inhibitor * works in proximal convoluted tubule * causes less bicar reabsorbed, more Na lost, increasing loss of water and electrolytes * causes decreased production aqueous humor
262
Pantoprazole
* PPI * irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase * suppresses gastric acid secretion
263
Bosentan
* competitively inhibits binding of endothelin-1 to endothelin receptors * causes pulmonary vasodilation
264
Ipratropium
* M3 antagonist * causes bronchodilation
265
Local Anesthetics
* esters: procaine, cocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine * amides: bupivacaine, lidocaine * block Na channels
266
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
* converted to 5-FdUMP, which inhibits thymidylate synthase * causes DNA synthesis disruption from lack of thymidine * can cause dysfunctional RNA processing
267
Furosemide
* loop diuretic, sulfonamide * inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle * causes retention of NaCl, K, water in tubular lumen, and loss of water and electrolytes
268
Bezafibrate
* fibrate * stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down triglycerides into VLDL and chylomicron and removed from circulation. * decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis
269
Pyrantel Pamoate
* for Ascaris, Necator, Ancylostoma, Enterobius
270
Sulfadoxine
* sulfonamide * analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
271
NSAIDs
* ibuprofen * naproxen * indomethacin * diclofenac * sulindac * oxaprozin * reversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis
272
Naproxen
* NSAID * reversible inhibitor of COX 1 and 2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis * anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
273
Detemir Insulin
* slow onset (12hr peak) * long acting (24hr)
275
Flucytosine
* converted in fungal cell to nucleotide analogues, inhibits thymidylate synthetase. * inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis
276
Amitryptyline
* 1st gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
277
Loratadine
* 2nd gen H1 receptor blocker * blocks H1 receptor * produces bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motlitiy, decreased rash
278
Sulfonamides
* TMP-SMX * sulfisoxazole * sulfamethizole * sulfadoxine * sulfadiazine
279
Propofol
* general intravenous anesthetic * may prolong GABAa receptor activity
281
H2-Receptor Blockers
* ranitidine * cimetidine * famotidine * nizatidine
282
Tenofovir
* nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor * inhibits reverse transcriptase
284
Bisphosphonates
* -dronates: * alendronate * etidronate * ibandronate * zoledronate * pamidronate * risedronate * decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
285
Orlistat
* anti-obesity drug * inhibits pancreatic enzyme lipase, reduces intestinal fat absorption
287
Fenofibrate
* fibrate * stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down triglycerides into VLDL and chylomicron and removed from circulation. * decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis
288
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
* aminoglycosides * tetracyclines * chloramphenicol * clindamycin * erythromycin * lindomycin
289
Ranitidine
* H2 receptor blocker * reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor * decreased activity of H/K proton pump * decreases gastric acid secretion
290
Terbinafine
* inhibits squalene epoxidase to inhibit ergosterol synthesis
291
Pregabalin
* may bind voltage-gated Ca ion channels in CNS, decreasing glutamate and NE release
293
Eplerenone
* aldosterone receptor antagonist * competitively inhibits aldosterone receptor in cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubule * decreases salt and water retention, increases salt and water loss * less K excretion in urine
294
Paclitaxel
* binds tubulin * promotes stabilization and polymerization of mitotic spindle * halt during metaphase
295
Amiloride
* blocks Na channels in distal cortical collecting tubule * blocks Na and water reabsorption * causes diuresis, decreases urinary K excretion
296
Procainamide
* Class IA anti-arrhythmic agent * binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte. * prolongs phase 0 depolarization * delays phase 3 repolarization * prolongs QT interval
298
Anastrozole
* inhibits aromatase * decreases estradiol levels
300
Labetalol
* alpha1 beta1 beta2 blocker * via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility * via beta2 get bronchoconstriction * via alpha1 get decreased BP
301
Amoxapine
* 2nd gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
303
ACE Inhibitors
* -pril. * captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril, fosinopril, moexipril, quinapril, ramipril * inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase * causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
304
Prazosin
* selective alpha1 antagonist * causes decreased BP, decreased prostatic and bladder neck contraction
305
Hydroxyurea
* inhibits ribonucleotide reductase * causes decreased DNA synthesis
307
Imipenem
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
308
Vinblastine
* binds tubulin * depolymerizes mitotic spindle * can't get past metaphase
309
Acyclovir
* phosphorylated by thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP. * inhibits DNA synthesis
310
Vecuronium
* non-depolarizing NMJ blocker * competitively binds nicotinic receptors at NMJ
312
Lisinopril
* ACEI * inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase * causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
313
Montelukast
* reversibly inhibits cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor * blocks binding of leukotriene C4, D4, E4.
314
Etidronate
* bisphosphonate * decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
315
NNRT Inhibitors
* Nevirapine * Efavirenz * Delavirdine * binds to HIV reverse transcriptase, blocks DNA synthesis
317
Famotidine
* H2 receptor blocker * reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor * decreased activity of H/K proton pump * decreases gastric acid secretion
318
Vardenafil
* selectively inhibits cGMP specific PDE-5 in corpus cavernosum of penis * increases cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle of penis leads to erection
319
Sucralfate
* enhances mucosal barrier * promotes healing of duodenal ulcers
320
Reteplase
* fibrinolytic * promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
322
Methadone
* in maintenance programs for opioid addicts
323
Tocainide
* Class IB Anti-Arrhythmic Agents * binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte * shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
325
Bupropion
* 2nd gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT * also a nicotinic antagonist
326
Phenoxybenzamine
* irreversible alpha receptor antagonist * use: pheochromocytoma
327
Thiazolidinediones
* rosiglitazone * pioglitazone * troglitazone * binds PPAR-gamma, causing upregulation of genes. * causes decrease in insulin resistance
328
Tiotropium
* M3 antagonist * causes bronchodilation
329
Glipizide
* 2nd gen sulfonylurea. * stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
331
Chlorthalidone
* thiazide diuretic * inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule * increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
331
Metronidazole
* metabolized by bacteria into reactive compounds that damage DNA, proteins, and membranes. causes cell death
332
Tranylcypromine
* MAOI * inhibits MAO, increases levels of 5-HT, DA, NE.
334
Flecainide
* Class IC Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * binds Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte * prolongs phase 0 depolarization
334
Oxacillin
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
336
Mivacurium
* non-depolarizing NMJ blocker * acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
337
Phenobarbital
* barbiturate * potentiates GABAa receptor activity * decreases activity of CNS neurons
338
Tamoxifen
* competitive estrogen receptor antagonist * useful in postmenopausal women * decreses effects of estrogen on breast
339
Apixaban
* directly inhibits factor Xa * inhibits both intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
340
Buspirone
* 5-HT1a presynaptic receptor partial agonist * mixed agonist/antagonist activit on postsynaptic DA receptors in brain
341
Isoflurane
* general inhaled anesthetic * directly activates GABAa receptors
342
Ultralente Insulin
* slow onset (12hr peak) * long acting (24hr)
343
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
* hirudin * bivalirudin * lepirudin * desirudin * argatroban * melagatran * dabigatran * directly inhibits thrombin * interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
344
Caspofungin
* inhibits beta(1,3)-D-glucan synthase * disrupts fungal cell wall
344
Phenytoin
* decreases flow of Na and Ca ions, decreases depolarization of cells of nervous system
346
Emtricitabine
* NRT inhibitor * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase * competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
347
CCB
* nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, verapamil, diltiazem * block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells. * causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
348
Rivaroxaban
* directly inhibits factor Xa * inhibits both intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
349
Pyrazinamide (PYR)
* anti-mycobacterial agent
350
Hydroxyzine
* 1st gen H1 receptor blocker * blocks H1 receptors * causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
351
Foscarnet
* pyrophosphate analog * inhibits viral DNA polymerase
352
Diazepam
* long-acting benzo * enhanced GABAa receptor activation * decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions
353
Albuterol
* beta2 agonist * causes bronchodilation, transcellular shifts of K+ into cell.
355
Efavirenz
* NNRT inhibitor * binds to HIV reverse transcriptase
357
Carboplatin
* alkylating agent * cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
358
Clonidine
* alpha2 agonist * causes decreased central adrenergic activity with decrease in vasoconstriction and decreased CO as well as HR.
359
Flutamide
* competitive antagonist at androgen receptor * decreases testosterone on prostate, inhibits gonadotropin secretion. * administer with leuprolide
360
Benzodiazepines
* short-acting: triazolam, midazolam * immediate-acting: lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide * long-acting: diazepam, prazepam, clonazepam, flurazepam * enhances GABA receptor activation * decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions of CNS
361
Erythromycin
* macrolide * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation.
363
Ethacrynic Acid
* diuretic that acts like furosemide * can be used in those with sulfa allergies
364
Ephedrine
* stimulates release of NE and Epi from neurons. * ⇒ increased systolic and diastolic BP, bronchodilation, stimulate CNS.
365
Amoxicillin
* aminopenicillin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
367
Ibutilide
* Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte * prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential * prolonged QT interval
368
Phenelzine
* MAOI * inhibits MAO, increases levels of 5-HT, NE, DA
369
Propylthiouracil
* inhibits thyroid peroxidase * inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis * inhibits conversion of T4 to T3
370
Rimantadine
* similar to Amantadine. * blocks uncoating of viral RNA in influenza A
371
Prasugrel
* irreversibly inhibits binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptor * blocks ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
373
Dactinomycin
* inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
374
Acetaminophen
* aka tylenol * reversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2 in CNS * decreases prostaglandin synthesis in CNS * anti-pyretic and analgesic
375
Fexofenadine
* 2nd gen H1 receptor blockers * blocks H1 receptor * causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritius, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
376
Polyethylene Glycol
* bulking laxative * draws water into intestine via osmosis * distends bowel, increases motility
377
Carbon Monoxide
* binds Hb, reduces oxygen binding and delivery * signs: HA, GI upset, seizures, coma * antidote: oxygen
378
Class IB Antiarrhythmics
* lidocaine * tocainide * mexiletine * binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte * shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
379
Adenosine
* anti-arrhythmic agent * increases K efflux out of cells of SA and AV node. * hyperpolarizes cell
379
Simvastatin
* HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor * increases concentration of LDL receptors
381
Potassium
* anti-arrhythmic agent * increases extracellular concentration of K, raises action potential threshold, reduces myocyte excitation
383
Neomycin
* aminoglycoside * protein synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
384
Galantamine
* reversible AChEI * increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
384
Linezolid
* protein synthesis inhibitor * at 50S, prevents formation of ribosomal complex * use: MRSA, VRE
386
Odansetron
* blocks 5-HT3 receptors * inhibits activation of vomiting reflex pathway
388
Bleomycin
* binds DNA and triggers formation of oxygen free radicals * causes strand breaks and inhibition of DNA synthesis
389
Rosiglitazone
* thiazolidinedione * binds PPAR-gamma, causing upregulation of genes. * causes decrease in insulin resistance
390
Lepirudin
* direct thrombin inhibitor * directly inhibits thrombin * interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
391
Fenoldopam
* D1 receptor agonist * produces splanchnic and renal vasodilation
393
Metolazone
* thiazide diuretic * inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule * increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
394
Etoposide
* inhibits topoisomerase II * causes DNA strand breakage
395
Trimethoprim
* inhibits folic acid synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase * part of TMP-SMX
397
Adalimumab
* monoclonal Ab to TNF-alpha, inhibits binding of TNF-alpha with receptor
398
Penicillin
* binds PBP's, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, blocks cell wall synthesis.
399
Chloroquine
* concentrates in parasite food vacuoles, prevents heme metabolism. * death from buildup of heme.
400
Hydrocortisone
* synthetic corticosteroid * mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids * causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 * stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
402
Atropine
* competitive M1 M2 M3 antagonist * via M1 cause sedation, psychosis * via M2 get tachycardia * via M3 get decreased GI motility, cycloplegia
403
Aluminum Hydroxide
* antacid * weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
405
Nifurtimox
* creates oxygen radicals, damage parasites. * use: T. cruzi
406
Fosamprenavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
407
Topiramate
* block flow of Na ions thru voltage-gated Na channels, hyperpolarizes and decreases activity of neurons. * may have GABAa receptor agonism
408
Cholestyramine
* Bile acid resin * inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
409
Tropicamide
* analog of atropine * produces mydriasis
411
Nadolol
* beta1 and beta2 antagonist * via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP. * via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
412
Verapamil
* Class IV Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * blocks voltage-gated Ca channels in cardiac and smooth muscles * blocks in SA and AV nodal cells * slows phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, prolongs PR interval, delays repolarization of myocyte * causes peripheral dilation and decreased contractility
413
Ticarcillin
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
414
Sulbactam
* inactivates beta-lactamases
415
Pseudoephedrine
* derivative of ephedrine * nasal decongestant
417
Beclomethasone
* inhaled glucocorticoid for asthma
418
Clonazepam
* long-acting benzo * enhanced GABAa receptor activation * decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions of CNS
419
Ticlopidine
* irreversibly inhibits binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptor * blocks ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
421
Mannitol
* osmotic diuretic * acts on proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle * increases tubular osmolarity, increases urine outflow, decreases effective circulating volume of body
423
Nitrosoureas
* carmustine * lomustine * semustine * streptozocin * alkylating agent * cross-links DNA strands to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
425
Enoxaparin
* LMW heparin * binds anti-thrombin III, accelerates actions of anti-thrombin III to degrade factor X
426
Acetylsalicylic Acid
* aka aspirin * irreversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2 * decreases prostaglandin synthesis * anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet
426
Ribavirin
* guanosine analogue. * inhibits guanine nucleotide synthesis, inhibits viral RNA polymerase, stops viral replication
427
Daunorubicin
* antracycline * blocks DNA and RNA synthesis by insertion * produces oxygen free radicals * disrupts fluid and ion transport across cell membrane
428
Delavirdine
* NNRT inhibitor * binds to HIV reverse transcriptase
430
Disopyramide
* Class IA anti-arrhythmic agent * binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte. * prolongs phase 0 depolarization * delays phase 3 repolarization * prolongs QT interval
431
Ursodiol
* inhibits HMG-CoA reductase * decreases intestinal reabsorption of cholesterol * inhibits secretion of cholesterol into bile * causes decreased cholesterol gallstones
433
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
* dorzolamide * brinzolamide * acetazolamide
434
Sertraline
* SSRI * prevents reuptake of 5-HT
435
Voriconazole
* inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal CYP450s
437
Pindolol
* beta1 and beta2 antagonist * via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP. * via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
438
Norepinephrine
* alpha1, alpha2, beta1 agonist. * causes vasoconstriction via alpha1 * increased contractility and HR via beta1 * HR normal by reflex bradycardia.
439
Moxifloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
440
Barbiturates
* phenobarbital * thipental * secobarbital * amobarbital * pentobarbital * potentiate GABAa receptor activity * decrease activity of CNS neurons
441
Lopinavir
* protease inhibitor * inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
442
Meperidine
* opioid * binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
443
Esomeprazole
* PPI * irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump * suppresses gastric acid secretion
445
Rituximab
* monoclonal Ab aimed against antigen CD20 on B cells * induces B cell lysis
446
Metoprolol
* selective beta1 antagonist * causes decreased HR and contractility
447
Lorazepam
* immediate-acting benzo * enhances GABAa receptor activation * decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic regions
448
Amiodarone
* Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte * prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential * prolonged QT interval
448
Finasteride
* inhibits 5alpha-reductase * causes decreased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, therefore decreases growth of prostate
449
Levofloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
449
Thalidomide
* decreases TNF-alpha production
451
alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors
* acarbose, miglitol * inhibits alpha-glucosidase on brush border of SI. * causes decreased absorption of postprandial carbohydrates, decreases postprandial glucose levels
452
Aztreonam
* monocyclic beta-lactam ring binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
453
Zileuton
* inhibits 5-lipooxygenase * decreases leukotriene A4, B4.
454
Reserpine
* inhibits neuron's ability to store NE, DA, and 5-HT
455
Vancomycin
* binds D-ala D-ala, inhibits transglycosylase causing weak peptidoglycans in cell wall.
456
Sulfonylureas
* 1st gen: chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide * 2nd gen: glyburide, glipizide * 3rd gen: glimepiride * stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
457
Tubocurarine
* non-depolarizing NMJ blocker * acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
459
Dipyridamole
* inhibits uptake of adenosine into platelets and endothelial cells * this activates adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, inhibits TXA2. * causes inhibition of platelet aggregation/thrombus formation. promotes vasodilation * high doses: inhibits cGMP PDE, increasing cGMP and causing vasodilation
460
Semustine
* nitrosourea * alkylating agent * cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
462
Butorphanol
* mixed agonist and antagonist at mu receptors * agonist at kappa receptor * causes hyperpolarization and decreases neural cell activity
463
Insulin
* decreases blood glucose by: * decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis, induces glycogen synthesis, increases glucose uptake into cells * inhibits lipolysis * stimulates AA uptake into cells * increases K uptake into cells
464
Cyclosporine
* binds cytophilin in T cell, inhibits calcineurin * decreases IL-2 production * decreases T cell activation
464
Propafenone
* Class IC Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * binds Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte * prolongs phase 0 depolarization
465
Dicloxacillin
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
467
Sparfloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
468
Cefdinir
* 3rd gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
469
Typical Antipsychotics
* high potency: haloperidol, fluphenazine * low potency: chlorpromazine, thioridazine * block postsynaptic DA D2 receptors
470
Naltrexone
* opioid receptor antagonist for overdose
471
Nizatidine
* H2 receptor blocker * reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor * decreased activity of H/K proton pump * decreases gastric acid secretion
472
Norfloxacin
* fluoroquinolone * inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
473
Niacin
* aka Vit B3 * decreases lipolysis in adipose tissue * inhibits apolipoprotein A-1 breakdown, increasing HDL levels
474
Piperacillin
* binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
475
Sotalol
* Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent * binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte * prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential * prolonged QT interval * potent beta-blocking activity
476
Zidovudine
* nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRT) inhibitor * inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase. * competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
477
TCA
* 1st gen: desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin * 2nd gen: amoxapine, trazodone, bupropion * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
478
Acarbose
* alpha-glucosidase inhibitor * inhibits alpha-glucosidase on brush border of SI. * causes decreased absorption of postprandial carbohydrates, decreases postprandial glucose levels
479
Ethosuximide
* unknown mechanism. * decrease Ca currents across neuronal cells, inhibits GABA metabolism.
480
Bethanechol
* M2 M3 agonist * via M3 get bladder contraction and bladder sphincter relaxation, promotes urination
482
Mifepristone
* competitive receptor antagonist at progesterone receptor * for abortion
483
Magnesium Hydroxide
* antacid * weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
485
Penciclovir
* phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP * inhibits DNA synthesis
486
Physostigmine
* reversible AChEI * for atropine poisoning and glaucoma
488
Sulfasalazine
* metabolized into sulfapyridine and 5-ASA. * 5-ASA is anti-inflammatory by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production, inhibits COX. * scavenges oxygen radicals
489
Vincristine
* binds tubulin * causes depolarization of mitotic spindle * can't pass metaphase
490
Clopidogrel
* irreversibly inhibits binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptor * blocks ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
491
Losartan
* ARB * blocks angiotensin II at AT1 receptor * decreases peripheral vascular resistance and decreases effective circulating volume of fluid
492
MAOIs
* tranycypromine * phenelzine * isocarboxazid * inhibits MAO causing increased 5-HT, DA, NE
493
Thioridazine
* low potency typical antipsychotic * blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
495
Sitagliptin
* DPP-4 inhibitor * inhibits DPP-4. * increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
496
Methimazole
* inhibits thyroid peroxidase * inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis * inhibits conversion of T4 to T3
497
Homatropine
* analog of atropine * produces mydriasis
498
Levodopa
* converted to DA in brain by DOPA-decarboxylase
499
Opioids
* morphine * codeine * oxycodone * hydrocodone * hydromorphone * heroin * meperidine * fentanyl * dextromethorphan * bind opioid receptors, hyperpolarize and decrease activity of neural cells
500
Escitalopram
* SSRI * prevents reuptake of 5-HT
501
Scopolamine
* competitive M1 M2 M3 antagonist * via M1 prevents motion sickness * via M3 decreases GI motility, cycloplegia
502
Epinephrine
* alpha agonist at high doses * beta agonist at low doses ⇒ vasoconstriction, increased systolic and diastolic BP, increased HR and contractility. * beta2 causes bronchodilation and mild decrease diastolic BP.
503
Mirtazapine
* heterocyclic antidepressant * inhibits activation of alpha2 receptors and 5-HT2 receptors, causes increased released of NE and 5-HT
505
Ivermectin
* activates GABA receptors, causes worm paralysis and death. * use: river blindness (Onchocerca vulvulus) * side effects: fever, rash, hypotension, arthralgias, vertigo
506
Valacyclovir
* phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP * inhibits DNA synthesis
507
Succinylcholine
* depolarizing neuromuscular blocker * competes with ACh to reversibly bind nicotinic receptors.
508
Vasopressin
* natural hormone * V1 receptor causes vasoconstriction * V2 increases permeability to water in collecting ducts * V3 increases factor VIII activity
509
Sevoflurane
* general inhaled anesthetic * directly activates GABAa receptors
510
Anthracyclines
* doxorubicin * daunorubicin * idarubicin
511
Fluconazole
* inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal CYP450s.
512
Zoledronate
* bisphosphonate * decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
513
Ezetimibe
* decreases absorption of cholesterol from SI * causes decrease in serum LDL
514
Aminocaproic Acid
* inhibits plasminogen activation, causing inhibition of fibrinolysis
515
Cephalexin
* 1st gen cephalosporin * binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
517
Class IC Antiarrhythmics
* flecainide * encainide * propafenone * binds Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte * prolongs phase 0 depolarization
518
Polymyxins
* polymyxins B and E bind bacterial cell membranes to increase permeability * for topical skin lesions
519
Fluoxetine
* SSRI * prevents reuptake of 5-HT
520
Aspart
* rapid onset synthetic insulin * lasts 3-4 hr
521
Busulfan
* alkylating agent * damages DNA by cross-linking DNA strands
522
Bumetanide
* loop diuretic, sulfonamide * inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle * causes retention of NaCl, K, water in tubular lumen, and loss of water and electrolytes
523
Nicardipine
* CCB * block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells. * causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
524
Trastuzumab
* monoclonal Ab against HER-2/neu (erb-B2) receptor
525
Citalopram
* SSRI * prevents reuptake of 5-HT
526
Imipramine
* 1st gen TCA * blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
527
Protamine Sulfate
* inactivates heparin
528
Linagliptin
* DPP-4 inhibitor * inhibits DPP-4. * increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
529
Nevirapine
* NNRT inhibitor * binds to HIV reverse transcriptase
531
Danazol
* synthetic androgen, agonist at androgen and progesterone receptors * causes decreased LH and FSH * causes decreased growth of endometrial and breast tissue
532
Lamotrigine
* blocks fast voltage-activated Na channels at presynaptic neuron
533
Glargine Insulin
* slow onset (12hr peak) * long acting (24hr)
534
Edrophonium
* reversible AChEI * increases stimulation at Nn and M receptors
535
Minoxidil
* anti-HTN agent * dilates arterial smooth muscle * promotes hair growth
536
Tetracycline
* protien synthesis inhibitor * binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to ribosome
537
Midodrine
* alpha1 agonist * causes systemic vasoconstriction
538
Docusate
* stool softener * emulsified in stool to soften it
539
Zaleplon
* GABAa receptor agonist * binds at same place as benzos * decreased activity of CNS neurons

Pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions