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Pharmacology > STEP 1 > Flashcards

STEP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Warfarin

A
  • inhibits vit K dependent gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, and protein C and S.
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2
Q

Amphotericin B

A
  • binds ergosterol, alters permeability of fungal cell membrane
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2
Q

Atenolol

A
  • selective beta1 antagonist
  • causes decreased HR and contractility
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2
Q

Protease Inhibitors

A
  • -navir
  • inhibit HIV protease enzymes
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3
Q

Demeclocycline

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding ribosome
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4
Q

Macrolides

A
  • erythromycin
  • clarithromycin
  • azithromycin
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
  • bind 50S, inhibit formation of initiation complex
  • inhibit translocation of aminoacyl peptide during protein synthesis
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4
Q

Olanzapine

A
  • Atypical Antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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5
Q

Liraglutide

A
  • GLP-1 analog
  • decreases glucose levels, increases insulin levels
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6
Q

Argatroban

A
  • direct thrombin inhibitor
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
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6
Q

Cilastatin

A
  • inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I that inactivates imipenem in renal tubules to increase its action
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6
Q

Pioglitazone

A
  • thiazolidinedione
  • binds PPAR-gamma, causing upregulation of genes.
    causes decrease in insulin resistance
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6
Q

Cefepime

A
  • 4th gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
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7
Q

Tetracaine

A
  • ester local anesthetic
  • blocks Na channels
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8
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • gentamicin
  • neomycin
  • amikacin
  • tobramycin
  • streptomycin
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
  • binds 30S, inhibits formation of initiation complex causes mRNA misreading
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8
Q

Halothane

A
  • general inhaled anesthetic
  • directly activates GABAa receptors
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8
Q

Quinidine

A
  • Class IA anti-arrhythmic agent
  • binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte.
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
  • delays phase 3 repolarization
  • prolongs QT interval
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9
Q

Atracurium

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
  • acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
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9
Q

Isosorbide Dinitrate

A
  • converted to NO
  • causes smooth muscle relaxation, reduced preload
  • acts on smooth muscle veins
  • relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle​
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9
Q

Cefoxitin

A
  • 2nd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
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10
Q

Clindamycin

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation.
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11
Q

Class III Antiarrhythmics

A
  • sotalol
  • ibutilide
  • dofetilide
  • amiodarone
  • bretylium
  • binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte
  • prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential
  • prolonged QT interval
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11
Q

Flurazepam

A
  • long-acting benzo
  • enhanced GABAa receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions of CNS
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12
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A
  • metabolized to intermediate by CYP450.
  • alkylating agent, cross-links DNA to decrease DNA and RNA synthesis
  • suppresses B and T cell function
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12
Q

Clomiphene

A
  • partial agonist at estrogen receptors in pituitary gland
  • increases LH and FSH, causes ovulation
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13
Q

Alendronate

A
  • bisphosphonate
  • decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
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13
Q

Prednisone

A
  • synthetic corticosteroid
  • mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids
  • causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2
  • stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
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14
Q

Morphine

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
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14
Q

Valproic Acid

A
  • increases GABA concentrations
  • effects Na and K conductance across neuronal cell membrane
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15
Q

Ritonavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease, can’t replicate
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16
Q

Dantrolene

A
  • inhibits Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of myocytes
  • causes muscle relaxation
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17
Q

Miglitol

A
  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
  • inhibits alpha-glucosidase on brush border of SI.
  • causes decreased absorption of postprandial carbohydrates, decreases postprandial glucose levels
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17
Q

Risperidone

A
  • atypical antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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18
Q

Carvedilol

A
  • alpha1 beta1 beta2 blocker
  • via beta1 decrease HR and contractility.
  • via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
  • via alpha1 get decreased BP
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18
Q

Chlorothiazide

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule
  • increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
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19
Q

Amantadine

A
  • binds M2 surface protein proton channel on influenza A.
  • blocks uncoating of viral RNA
  • stimulates release of DA from neurons in nigra striatum
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19
Q

Selegiline

A
  • MAOI B inhibitors
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19
Q

Sirolimus

A
  • immunosuppressant in kidney transplant patients
  • inhibits mTOR by binding with FKBP
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19
Q

Semilente Insulin

A
  • quick onset (6hr)
  • intermediate acting (10-12hr)
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20
Q

Carbidopa

A
  • inhibits DOPA-decarboxylase in periphery
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21
Q

Dabigatran

A
  • direct thrombin inhibitor
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
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21
Q

Fluphenazine

A
  • high potency typical antipsychotic
  • blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
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22
Q

Brinzolamide

A
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
  • works in proximal convoluted tubule
  • causes less bicar reabsorbed, more Na lost, increasing loss of water and electrolytes
  • causes decreased production aqueous humor
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24
Q

Ampicillin

A
  • aminopenicillin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis.
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24
Q

Candesartan

A
  • ARB
  • blocks angiotensin II at AT1 receptor
  • decreases peripheral vascular resistance and decreases effective circulating volume of fluid
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24
Q

Cefazolin

A
  • 1st gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
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25
Q

Minocycline

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding ribosome
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25
Q

Primaquine

A
  • for hepatic form of malaria
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26
Q

Thiazide Diuretics

A
  • hydrochlorothiazide
  • chlorothiazide
  • metolazone
  • chlorthalidone
  • indapamide
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27
Q

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

A
  • -statin
  • atorvastatin
  • pravastatin
  • lovastatin
  • rosuvastatin
  • simvastatin
  • fluvastatin
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28
Q

Class IV Antiarrhythmics

A
  • verapamil
  • diltiazem
  • blocks voltage-gated Ca channels in cardiac and smooth muscles
  • blocks in SA and AV nodal cells
  • slows phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, prolongs PR interval, delays repolarization of myocyte
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29
Q

Bile Acid Resins

A
  • cholestyramine
  • colestipol
  • colesevelam
  • inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
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29
Q

Bupivacaine

A
  • amide local anesthetic
  • blocks Na channels
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29
Q

Cephalosporins

A
  • 1st gen: Cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine.
  • 2nd gen: cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefuroxime, cefprozil, loracarbef, ceforanide, cefoxitin, cefmetazole, cefotetan
  • 3rd gen: cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefditoren pivoxil, ceftibuten, moxalactam
  • 4th gen: cefepime
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
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29
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • alprostadil
  • misoprostol
  • latanoprost
  • dinoprostone
  • carboprost
  • treprostinil
  • epoprostenol
  • iloprost
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30
Q

Cimetidine

A
  • H2 receptor blocker
  • reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor
  • decreased activity of H/K proton pump
  • decreases gastric acid secretion
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31
Q

Diltiazem

A
  • Class IV Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • blocks voltage-gated Ca channels in cardiac and smooth muscles
  • blocks in SA and AV nodal cells
  • slows phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, prolongs PR interval, delays repolarization of myocyte
  • causes peripheral vasodilation and decreased contractility
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32
Q

Corticosteroids

A
  • prednisone
  • hydrocortisone
  • cortisone
  • prednisolone
  • methylprednisolone
  • betamethasone
  • dexamethosone
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32
Q

Quetiapine

A
  • atypical antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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34
Q

ARBs

A
  • -sartan
  • blocks angiotensin II at AT1 receptor
  • decreases peripheral vascular resistance and decreases effective circulating volume of fluid
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34
Q

PPI

A
  • omeprazole
  • lansoprazole
  • rabeprazole
  • pantoprazole
  • esomeprazole
  • irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump
  • suppresses gastric acid secretion
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36
Q

Azithromycin

A
  • macrolide
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation
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36
Q

Guaifenesin

A
  • expectorant
  • irritates vagal receptors in gastrum leads to secretion of less viscous mucous from bronchial epithelium
  • stimulates resp tract secretion flow
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37
Q

Desipramine

A
  • 1st gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
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37
Q

Phentolamine

A
  • reversible alpha receptor antagonist
  • to diagnose pheochromocytoma
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38
Q

Loop Diuretics

A
  • furosemide
  • bumetanide
  • torsemide
  • ethacrynic acid
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39
Q

Cetirizine

A
  • 2nd gen H1 receptor blocker
  • blocks H1 receptor
  • causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
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39
Q

Colestipol

A
  • Bile acid resin
  • inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
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39
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • beta1 agonist, weak agonist at alpha1 and beta2.
  • ⇒ increased HR and contractility
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40
Q

TMP-SMX

A
  • sulfonamide
  • TMP: protein synthesis inhibitor.
    • inhibits folic acid synthesis via dihydrofolate reductase
  • SMX: analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
  • causes DNA synthesis disruption
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41
Q

Clozapine

A
  • atypical antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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42
Q

Rifampin

A
  • inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, causes less RNA synthesis.
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43
Q

Ibuprofen

A
  • NSAID
  • reversibly inhibits COX1 and 2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
  • analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
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44
Q

Exenatide

A
  • GLP-1 analog
  • decreases glucose levels and increases insulin levels
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45
Q

Gatifloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
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45
Q

Heparin

A
  • binds anti-thrombin III to accelerate action of anti-thrombin III to degrade clotting factors
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46
Q

Amphetamine

A
  • stimulates release of NE, Epi, DA from neurons
  • causes insomnia, decreased appetite
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46
Q

Suramin

A
  • inhibits parasitic enzymes in energy metabolism
  • use: early T. brucei
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47
Q

Ifosfamide

A
  • metabolized to intermediate by CYP450
  • acts as alkylating agent and cross-links DNA, decreases DNA and RNA synthesis
  • suppresses B and T cell function
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48
Q

Dopamine

A
  • alpha1 agonist at high doses
  • beta and D1 agonist at lower doses
  • ⇒ increased HR and contractility, increased renal and splanchnic blood flow from D1
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49
Q

Acetylcysteine

A
  • antidote for acetaminophen overdose
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49
Q

Torsemide

A
  • loop diuretic, sulfonamide
  • inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle
  • causes retention of NaCl, K, water in tubular lumen, and loss of water and electrolytes
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50
Q

Lomustine

A
  • nitrosourea
  • alkylating agent
  • cross-links DNA to decrease DNA and RNA synthesis
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50
Q

Nitroglycerin

A
  • converted to NO
  • causes smooth muscle relaxation, reduced preload
  • acts on smooth muscle veins
  • relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle
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51
Q

Clotrimazole

A
  • inhibits ergosterol formation by inhibiting fungal CYP450s.
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52
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A
  • clozapine
  • risperidone
  • olanzapine
  • ziprasidone
  • aripiprazole
  • quetiapine
  • blocks both 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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52
Q

Mebendazole

A
  • inhibits microtubule synthesis and function
  • use: whipworm (Trichuris), hookworm (Necator/Ancylostoma), roundworm (Ascaris), pinworm (Enterobius)
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52
Q

Theophylline

A
  • inhibits phosphodiesterase
  • causes increased cAMP, leading to bronchodilation
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53
Q

Benztropine

A
  • M1 M2 M3 antagonist
  • acts on M1 in corpus striatum to increase DA
  • use: Parkinson
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54
Q

Methicillin

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis.
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54
Q

Streptokinase

A
  • fibrinolytic
  • promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
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55
Q

Metformin

A
  • biguanide
  • inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis causing decreased GI absorption
  • increases peripheral utilization of glucose by adipose and skeletal muscle
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56
Q

Mexiletine

A
  • Class IB Anti-Arrhythmic Agents
  • binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte
  • shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
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57
Q

Leflunomide

A
  • inhibits dihydroorate dehydrogenase
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58
Q

Colchicine

A
  • gout agent
  • induces microtubular depolymerization by binding tubulin.
  • causes decreased migration of leukocytes
  • blocks formation of leukotriene B4.
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59
Q

Cytarabine

A
  • converted to araCTP that competitively inhibits DNA polymerase
  • impairs DNA synthesis, causes termination of DNA strand elongation
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59
Q

Isoniazid

A
  • inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids
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60
Q

Misoprostol

A
  • analog of PGE1
  • increases uterine contractions, inhibits gastric acid secretion, increases mucosal protection in stomach
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61
Q

Desmopressin

A
  • natural hormone
  • V1: vasoconstricts
  • V2: increases permeability to water in collecting duct
  • V3: increases factor VIII activity
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62
Q

Pyrimethamine

A
  • inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis
  • tx and prophylaxis of P. falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii
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63
Q

Raloxifene

A
  • estrogen receptor modulator, acts as mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist
  • tx: osteoporosis
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64
Q

Class II Antiarrhythmics

A
  • beta blockers:
    • propranolol
    • carvedilol
    • metoprolol
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65
Q

Carboprost

A
  • analog of PGF2alpha
  • increases uterine contractions
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65
Q

Tazobactam

A
  • inactivates bacterial beta lactamases
  • added to piperacillin
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66
Q

Ofloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
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67
Q

Pyridostigmine

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • increases stimulation at Nn and M receptors
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68
Q

Sulfamethizole

A
  • sulfonamide
  • analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
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69
Q

Carbachol

A
  • muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonist
  • via M3 causes miosis
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70
Q

Infliximab

A
  • chimeric Ab that binds TNF-alpha and inhibits binding of TNF-alpha with receptor
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71
Q

Teniposide

A
  • inhibits topoisomerase II
  • causes DNA strand breakage
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72
Q

Lansoprazole

A
  • PPI
  • irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump
  • suppresses gastric acid secretion
    ​
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73
Q

Doxorubicin

A
  • antracycline
  • blocks DNA and RNA synthesis via insertion
  • produces oxygen free radicals
  • disrupts fluid and ion transport across cell membrane
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73
Q

Isocarboxazid

A
  • MAOI
  • inhibits MAO, increases levels of 5-HT, NE, DA
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73
Q

Imatinib

A
  • competitive inhibitor of tyrosine kinase enzymes of abl, c-kit, and PDGF-R
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73
Q

Itraconazole

A
  • inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal CYP450s
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73
Q

Nifedipine

A
  • CCB
  • block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells.
  • causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
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73
Q

Rosuvastatin

A
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
  • increases concentration of LDL receptors
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73
Q

Tacrolimus

A
  • binds FKBP-12, inhibits calcineurin
  • decreases IL-2 production
  • decreases activation of T cells
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74
Q

Bivalirudin

A
  • direct thrombin inhibitor
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
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75
Q

Doxycycline

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to ribosome
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76
Q

Aripiprazole

A
  • Atypical Antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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76
Q

Doxazosin

A
  • alpha1 antagonist
  • decreases BP and prostatic/bladder neck contraction
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76
Q

Ocreotide

A
  • synthetic analogue of somatostatin
  • inhibits release of secretin, gastrin, TSH, VIP, growth hormone
  • reduces GI motility, causes vasoconstriction
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76
Q

Terazosin

A
  • selective alpha1 antagonist
  • causes decreased BP, decreased prostatic and bladder neck contraction.
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77
Q

Varenicline

A
  • partial agonist and antagonist of alpha4/beta2 nicotinic ACh receptors in brain
  • use: smoking cessation
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78
Q

Diphenoxylate

A
  • anti-diarrheal
  • binds opioid receptors in intestine to inhibit ACh release and decrease peristalsis
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78
Q

H1-Receptor Blockers

A
  • diphenhydramine
  • promethazine
  • meclizine
  • hydroxyzine
  • doxylamine
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79
Q

Lovastatin

A
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
  • increases concentration of LDL receptors
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79
Q

Terbutaline

A
  • beta2 agonist
  • causes bronchodilation and reduces contractions
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80
Q

Meropenem

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
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81
Q

Abacavir

A
  • NRT inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase
  • competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
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82
Q

Memantine

A
  • NMDA receptor antagonist
  • decreases neuronal excitation by glutamate
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82
Q

Zolpidem

A
  • GABAa receptor agonist
  • binds at same place as benzos.
  • decreases activity of CNS neurons
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84
Q

Captopril

A
  • ACEI
  • inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase
  • causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
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85
Q

Albendazole

A
  • inhibits microtubule synthesis and function.
  • use: whipworm (Trichuris), hookworm (Necator/Ancylostoma), roundworm (Ascaris), pinworm (Enterobius), strongyloidiasis, neurocysticercosis.
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86
Q

Streptozocin

A
  • nitrosourea
  • alkylating agent
  • cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
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87
Q

Sulfadiazine

A
  • sulfonamide
  • analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
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88
Q

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

A
  • abciximab
  • eptifibatide
  • tirofiban
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89
Q

Ziprasidone

A
  • atypical antipsychotic
  • blocks 5-HT2 and DA receptors
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90
Q

Lispro

A
  • rapid onset synthetic insulin
  • lasts 3-4 hr
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91
Q

Mycophenolate Mofetil

A
  • acts within B and T lymphocytes to inhibit monophosphate dehydrogenase
  • decreases GMP synthesis, causes less DNA synthesis in B and T cells
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93
Q

Codeine

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
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94
Q

Haloperidol

A
  • high potency typical antipsychotic
  • blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
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95
Q

GLP-1 analgoues

A
  • GLP-1 mimic.
  • exenatide
  • liraglutide
  • increases insulin secretion, slows intestinal absorption of glucose, decreases glucagon secretion.
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96
Q

Dofetilide

A
  • for atrial arrhythmias
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97
Q

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog

A
  • exenatide
  • liraglutide
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98
Q

Omeprazole

A
  • PPI
  • irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump
  • suppresses gastric acid secretion
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99
Q

Rivastigmine

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
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100
Q

Class IA Antiarrhythmics

A
  • quinidine
  • procainamide
  • disopyramide
  • binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte.
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
  • delays phase 3 repolarization
  • prolongs QT interval
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101
Q

Neostigmine

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • increases stimulation at Nn and M receptors
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102
Q

Betaxolol

A
  • selective beta1 antagonist
  • causes decreased HR and contractility
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103
Q

Gentamicin

A
  • aminiglycoside
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex, causes mRNA misreading
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104
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule
  • increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
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106
Q

6-Mercaptopurine

A
  • converted to thio-IMP by HGPRT
  • inhibits purine synthesis via feedback inhibition
  • thio-IMP converted to thio-GTP and causes DNA or RNA instability
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107
Q

Lactulose

A
  • bulking laxative
  • draws water into intestine via osmosis
  • distends bowel, increases motility
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107
Q

Nystatin

A
  • alters fungal cell membrane permeability
  • for topical or oral candidiasis
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108
Q

Clarithromycin

A
  • macrolide
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation
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110
Q

Allopurinol

A
  • gout agent
  • inhibits xanthine oxidase
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111
Q

Iloprost

A
  • analog of PGI2
  • inhibits platelet aggregation, produces vasodilation
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112
Q

Pralidoxime

A
  • reverses AChEI
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113
Q

Gabapentin

A
  • GABA analogue
  • interacts with Ca ion channels in CNS
  • may decrease glutamate and NE release
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114
Q

Venlafaxine

A
  • heterocyclic antidepressant
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
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115
Q

Methyldopa

A
  • alpha2 agonist
  • causes decreased central adrenergic activity with decreased vasoconstriction
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115
Q

Saquinavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease so can’t replicate
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116
Q

Calcium Carbonate

A
  • antacid
  • weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
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116
Q

Regular Insulin

A
  • rapid onset (peak 2-3hr)
  • short acting (5-7hr)
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118
Q

Chlorpromazine

A
  • low potency typical antipsychotic
  • blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
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119
Q

Digoxin

A
  • inhibits Na/K ATPase pump
  • increases intracellular Na, decreases activity of Na/Ca exchanger
  • increases intracellular Ca, increases cardiac myocyte contractility
  • increases parsympathetic outflow
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119
Q

Ganciclovir

A
  • analogue of guanosine.
  • phosphorylated by viral kinase, inhibits CMV DNA polymerase.
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120
Q

Desirudin

A
  • direct thrombin inhibitor
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
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121
Q

Pancuronium

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
  • acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
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123
Q

Chlorpropamide

A
  • 1st gen sulfonylurea.
  • stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
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124
Q

Celecoxib

A
  • irreversibly inhibits COX-2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
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125
Q

Echothiophate

A
  • AChEI
  • increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
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126
Q

Metoclopramide

A
  • antagonist at D2 receptor
  • blocks activation of vomiting reflex pathway
  • stimulates gastric and SI motility
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127
Q

Tiagabine

A
  • inhibits reuptake of GABA in synaptic cleft
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128
Q

Hydralazine

A
  • directly relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle
  • causes decreased BP
  • may block Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction
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129
Q

DPP-4 Inhibitors

A
  • sitagliptin
  • vildagliptin
  • saxagliptin
  • linagliptin
  • inhibits DPP-4.
  • increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
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129
Q

Flumazenil

A
  • competitive agonist of benzodiazepines
  • for benzo overdose
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129
Q

Tirofiban

A
  • glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor
  • binds GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelet, inhibits binding/cross-linking of fibrinogen and vWf to receptor
  • impedes platelet aggregation
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130
Q

Salmerterol

A
  • analog of albuterol
  • long acting beta2 agonist
  • for asthma and COPD
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132
Q

Antacids

A
  • aluminum hydroxide
  • magnesium hydroxide
  • calcium carbonate
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
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133
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA.
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134
Q

Bretylium

A
  • Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte
  • prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential
  • prolonged QT interval
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135
Q

Urokinase

A
  • fibrinolytic
  • promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
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136
Q

Lithium

A
  • inhibits phosphoinositol second messenger cascade. interferes with synthesis, storage, release, reuptake of NE, DA, 5-HT
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136
Q

Vigabatrin

A
  • irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase
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137
Q

Fibrinolytics

A
  • streptokinase
  • urokinase
  • anistreplase
  • alteplase
  • reteplase
  • promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
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137
Q

Leuprolide

A
  • GnRH agonist
  • continuous use causes decreased LH and FSH and decreased levels estrogens and testosterone
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138
Q

Timolol

A
  • beta1 and beta2 antagonist
  • via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP
  • via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
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140
Q

Doxepin

A
  • 1st gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
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141
Q

Oxybutynin

A
  • M1 M2 M3 antagonist
  • increases bladder sphincter tone
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142
Q

Dexamethasone

A
  • synthetic corticosteroid
  • mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids
  • causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2
  • stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
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143
Q

Isoproterenol

A
  • beta1 beta2 agonist
  • causes increased HR and contractility.
  • produces peripheral vasodilation, bronchodilation
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144
Q

Saxagliptin

A
  • DPP-4 inhibitor
  • inhibits DPP-4.
  • increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
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145
Q

Dextromethorphan

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
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145
Q

Sumatriptan

A
  • stimulates presynaptic 5-HT1b/1d receptors
  • inhibits vasodilation and inflammation of dura
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146
Q

SSRI

A
  • fluoxetine
  • paroxetine
  • sertraline
  • fluvoxamine
  • escitalopram
  • duloxetine
  • citalopram
  • prevent reuptake of 5-HT
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148
Q

Amlodipine

A
  • CCB
  • block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells.
  • causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
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149
Q

Chlordiazepoxide

A
  • intermediate-acting benzo
  • enhanced GABAa receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions
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150
Q

Tolbutamide

A
  • 1st gen sulfonylurea.
  • stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels
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151
Q

Stavudine

A
  • NRT inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase
  • competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
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153
Q

Ethambutol (ETH)

A
  • anti-mycobacterial agent
  • inhibits mycobacterial arabinosyl transferase
  • interferes with mycobacterial cell wall synthesis
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154
Q

Fondaparinux

A
  • binds anti-thrombin III to accelerate selective action of antithrombin III to inhibit factor Xa
  • inhibits coag cascade
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155
Q

Methotrexate

A
  • inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
  • causes diminished thymidylate and decreases DNA synthesis
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157
Q

Didanosine

A
  • NRT inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase
  • competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
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158
Q

Nortriptyline

A
  • 1st gen TCA
  • block reuptake of NE and 5-HT
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159
Q

Griseofulvin

A
  • interferes with microtubule function in fungal cells in skin, nails, hair
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160
Q

Smoking Cessation Agents

A
  • bupropion and varenicline
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162
Q

Chloramphenicol

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 50S, inhibits peptidyl transferase = inhibits elongation of peptide chain
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162
Q

Colesevelam

A
  • Bile acid resin
  • inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
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162
Q

Meglitinides

A
  • repaglinide
  • nateglinide
  • binds K channel on pancreatic beta-cell
  • stimulates release of insulin
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163
Q

Lamivudine

A
  • NRT inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase
  • competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
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164
Q

Spironolactone

A
  • aldosterone receptor antagonist
  • competitively inhibits aldosterone receptor in cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubule
  • decreases salt and water retention, increases salt and water loss
  • less K excretion in urine
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165
Q

Sulfisoxazole

A
  • sulfonamide
  • analogue of PABA, inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
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166
Q

Enalapril

A
  • ACEI
  • inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase
  • causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
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167
Q

Glyburide

A
  • 2nd gen sulfonylurea.
  • stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
168
Q

Methoxyflurane

A
  • general inhaled anesthetic
  • directly activates GABAa receptors
168
Q

Prednisolone

A
  • synthetic corticosteroid
  • mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids
  • causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2
  • stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
168
Q

Cefaclor

A
  • 2nd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
168
Q

Zafirlukast

A
  • reversible inhibitor of cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor
  • blocks leukotrienes C4, D4, E4.
169
Q

Miconazole

A
  • inhibits ergosterol formation by inhibiting fungal CYP450s.
171
Q

Cisplatin

A
  • alkylating agent that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis
  • cross-links DNA
172
Q

Cilostazol

A
  • inhibits cAMP PDE III that breaks down cAMP.
  • causes increased cAMP, inhibits TXA2 synthesis, promotes prostacyclin production
  • inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, promotes vasodilation
173
Q

Nalidixic Acid

A
  • a quinolone
  • little effect clinically
174
Q

Sildenafil

A
  • selectively inhibits cGMP specific PDE-5 in corpus cavernosum of penis
  • increases cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle of penis leads to erection
175
Q

Tamsulosin

A
  • selective alpha1 antagonist
  • causes decreased BP, decreased prostatic and bladder neck contraction
177
Q

Disulfiram

A
  • inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
178
Q

Ketamine

A
  • general intravenous anesthetic
  • acts as NMDA receptor antagonist, decreases neuronal conduction.
179
Q

Tramadol

A
  • weak mu opioid receptor agonist
180
Q

Acebutolol

A
  • selective beta1 antagonist
  • causes decreased HR and contractility
181
Q

Esmolol

A
  • selective beta1 antagonist
  • causes decreased HR and contractility
181
Q

Nitroprusside

A
  • metabolized into NO in blood.
  • stimulates guanylate cyclase, increases cGMP, deactivates myosin light chain.
  • causes smooth muscle relaxation of peripheral veins and arteries
  • reduces afterload and preload
181
Q

Triamterene

A
  • blocks Na channels in distal cortical collecting tubule
  • blocks Na and water reabsorption
  • causes diuresis, decreases urinary K excretion.
182
Q

Naloxone

A
  • opioid receptor antagonist for overdose
182
Q

NART Inhibitors

A
  • nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • tenofovir
  • adefovir
  • inhibit reverse transcriptase
183
Q

Heterocyclic Antidepressants

A
  • nefazodone
  • mirtazapine
  • venlafaxine
  • maprotiline
  • blocks reputake of NE and 5-HT
  • or inhibits activation of alpha2 receptors and 5-HT2 receptors
183
Q

Hydrocodone

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
183
Q

Loperamide

A
  • anti-diarrheal
  • binds opioid receptors in intestine to inhibit ACh release and decrease gut peristalsis
184
Q

Diphenhydramine

A
  • first gen H1 receptor blocker
  • blocks H1 histamine receptor
  • causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
185
Q

Bismuth Subsalicylate

A
  • anti-diarrheal
  • binds intestinal toxins from E. coli, inhibits intestinal motlity by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, stimulates fluid absorption in bowel
185
Q

Praziquantel

A
  • for schistosomes, clonorchis, paragonimus, cystercercosis
186
Q

NRT Inhibitors

A
  • Zidovudine
  • Didanosine
  • Zalcitabine
  • Lamivudine
  • Stavudine
  • Emtricitabine
  • Abacavir
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase to inhibit DNA synthesis.
  • competes with nucleoside tirphosphates to be added to synthesized viral DNA.
187
Q

Tobramycin

A
  • aminoglycoside
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
188
Q

Levetiracetam

A
  • may bind to synaptic vesicle proteins, interrupt nerve conduction across neuronal synapse
189
Q

Streptomycin

A
  • aminoglycoside
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
191
Q

Alteplase

A
  • fibrinolytic
  • promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
193
Q

Atazanavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
193
Q

Tadalafil

A
  • selectively inhibits cGMP specific PDE-5 in corpus cavernosum of penis
  • increases cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle of penis leads to erection
194
Q

General Inhaled Anesthetics

A
  • halothane
  • isoflurane
  • desflurane
  • sevoflurane
  • enflurane
  • methoxyflurane
  • directly activate GABAa receptors
196
Q

Ceftriaxone

A
  • 3rd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, block peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
198
Q

Famcicloir

A
  • phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP
  • inhibits DNA synthesis
199
Q

Eptifibatide

A
  • glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor
  • binds GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelet, inhibits binding/cross-linking of fibrinogen and vWf to receptor
  • impedes platelet aggregation
200
Q

Trazodone

A
  • 2nd gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
201
Q

Ticagrelor

A
  • anti-platelet
  • reversible allosteric inhibitor of platelet P2Y12 receptor
  • use: acute coronary syndromes
202
Q

Repaglinide

A
  • Meglitinide
  • binds K channel on pancreatic beta-cell
  • stimulates release of insulin
204
Q

Ceftazidime

A
  • 3rd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
205
Q

Carmustine

A
  • nitrosourea
  • alkylating agent
  • cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
207
Q

Gemfibrozil

A
  • fibrate
  • stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down triglycerides into VLDL and chylomicron and removed from circulation.
  • decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis
208
Q

Levothyroxine

A
  • synthetic form of T4
209
Q

Dalteparin

A
  • LMW heparin
  • binds anti-thrombin III, accelerates action of anti-thrombin III to degrade factor X
210
Q

Zanamivir

A
  • inhibits neuraminidase
  • for influenza A and B
212
Q

Amikacin

A
  • aminoglycoside
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
213
Q

Abciximab

A
  • glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor
  • binds GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelet, inhibits binding/cross-linking of fibrinogen and vWf to receptor
  • impedes platelet aggrevation
214
Q

Etanercept

A
  • inhibits binding of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta molecules to receptors
215
Q

Propranolol

A
  • beta1 and beta2 antagonist
  • via beta1 causes decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP
  • via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
216
Q

Cocaine

A
  • blocks Na+/K+ ATPase for reuptake of NE, 5-HT, and DA.
  • blocks voltage gated Na+ channels
  • ester local anesthetic
217
Q

Donepezil

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
219
Q

Indinavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
220
Q

Glycerin

A
  • osmotic diuretic
  • acts on proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle
  • increases tubular osmolarity, increases urine outflow, decreases effective circulating volume of body
221
Q

Paroxetine

A
  • SSRI
  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT
223
Q

Azathioprine

A
  • analog of 6-MP
  • converted to 6-MP in cell
  • inhibits purine synthesis
224
Q

Melarsoprol

A
  • may inhibit parasitic enzymes
  • use: late T. brucei
225
Q

Darunavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
226
Q

Nefazodone

A
  • heterocyclic antidepressant
  • blocks reputake of NE and 5-HT
227
Q

Methacholine

A
  • M1 M2 M3 receptor agonist
  • via M3 causes smooth muscle contraction of bronchi
229
Q

Fentanyl

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
230
Q

Pilocarpine

A
  • M1 M2 M3 receptor agonist
  • mostly acts at M3
  • causes contraction of sphincter muscle of iris, contracts ciliary muscle
231
Q

Indomethacin

A
  • NSAID
  • reversible inhibitor of COX1 and 2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
  • anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
232
Q

Magnesium

A
  • anti-arrhytmic agent
  • affects flow of Na, K, Ca channels
233
Q

Latanoprost

A
  • analog of PGF2alpha
  • increases aqueous humor drainage
235
Q

Atorvastatin

A
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
  • increases concentration of LDL receptors
237
Q

Clavulanic Acid

A
  • inactivates beta-lactamases
237
Q

Heroin

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
238
Q

Dapsone (DAP)

A
  • anti-mycobacterial agent
  • PABA antagonist
  • inhibits folic acid synthesis
238
Q

Sodium Stibogluconate

A
  • may inhibit parasitic glycolysis
  • use: leishmaniasis
240
Q

Bromocriptine

A
  • partial DA receptor agonist
242
Q

Cefprozil

A
  • 2nd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
243
Q

Carbamazepine

A
  • inhibits flow of Na through Na channels, hyperpolarizes and decreases activity of neuron
244
Q

Duloxetine

A
  • SSRI
  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT
244
Q

Ketoconazole

A
  • inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes.
  • inhibits mammalian CYP450, disrupts gonadal and adrenal steroid synthesis.
246
Q

Cromolyn

A
  • anti-inflammatory agent for asthma exacerbation
247
Q

Eszopiclone

A
  • GABAa receptor agonist
  • binds at same place as benzo
  • decreases activit of CNS neurons
247
Q

Cefuroxime

A
  • 2nd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
249
Q

Cardiac Glycosides

A
  • digoxin
  • digitoxin
  • ouabain
250
Q

Enflurane

A
  • general inhaled anesthetic
  • directly activates GABAa receptors
252
Q

Lidocaine

A
  • Class IB Anti-Arrhythmic Agents
  • binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte
  • shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
254
Q

Diclofenac

A
  • NSAID
  • reversible inhibitor of COX1 and 2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
  • anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
255
Q

Phenylephrine

A
  • alpha1 agonist
  • ⇒ systemic vasoconstriction, pupil dilation.
257
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A
  • -floxacin
  • ciprofloxacin
  • norfloxacin
  • ofloxacin
  • sparfloxacin
  • gatifloxacin
  • moxifloxacin
  • levofloxacin
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
258
Q

Glimepiride

A
  • 3rd gen sulfonylurea.
  • stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
259
Q

Nafcillin

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibbits cell wall synthesis
261
Q

Acetazolamide

A
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
  • works in proximal convoluted tubule
  • causes less bicar reabsorbed, more Na lost, increasing loss of water and electrolytes
  • causes decreased production aqueous humor
262
Q

Pantoprazole

A
  • PPI
  • irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase
  • suppresses gastric acid secretion
263
Q

Bosentan

A
  • competitively inhibits binding of endothelin-1 to endothelin receptors
  • causes pulmonary vasodilation
264
Q

Ipratropium

A
  • M3 antagonist
  • causes bronchodilation
265
Q

Local Anesthetics

A
  • esters: procaine, cocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine
  • amides: bupivacaine, lidocaine
  • block Na channels
266
Q

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

A
  • converted to 5-FdUMP, which inhibits thymidylate synthase
  • causes DNA synthesis disruption from lack of thymidine
  • can cause dysfunctional RNA processing
267
Q

Furosemide

A
  • loop diuretic, sulfonamide
  • inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle
  • causes retention of NaCl, K, water in tubular lumen, and loss of water and electrolytes
268
Q

Bezafibrate

A
  • fibrate
  • stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down triglycerides into VLDL and chylomicron and removed from circulation.
  • decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis
269
Q

Pyrantel Pamoate

A
  • for Ascaris, Necator, Ancylostoma, Enterobius
270
Q

Sulfadoxine

A
  • sulfonamide
  • analogue of PABA, competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, disrupts DNA synthesis
271
Q

NSAIDs

A
  • ibuprofen
  • naproxen
  • indomethacin
  • diclofenac
  • sulindac
  • oxaprozin
  • reversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
272
Q

Naproxen

A
  • NSAID
  • reversible inhibitor of COX 1 and 2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
  • anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
273
Q

Detemir Insulin

A
  • slow onset (12hr peak)
  • long acting (24hr)
275
Q

Flucytosine

A
  • converted in fungal cell to nucleotide analogues, inhibits thymidylate synthetase.
  • inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis
276
Q

Amitryptyline

A
  • 1st gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
277
Q

Loratadine

A
  • 2nd gen H1 receptor blocker
  • blocks H1 receptor
  • produces bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motlitiy, decreased rash
278
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  • TMP-SMX
  • sulfisoxazole
  • sulfamethizole
  • sulfadoxine
  • sulfadiazine
279
Q

Propofol

A
  • general intravenous anesthetic
  • may prolong GABAa receptor activity
281
Q

H2-Receptor Blockers

A
  • ranitidine
  • cimetidine
  • famotidine
  • nizatidine
282
Q

Tenofovir

A
  • nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor
  • inhibits reverse transcriptase
284
Q

Bisphosphonates

A
  • -dronates:
  • alendronate
  • etidronate
  • ibandronate
  • zoledronate
  • pamidronate
  • risedronate
  • decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
285
Q

Orlistat

A
  • anti-obesity drug
  • inhibits pancreatic enzyme lipase, reduces intestinal fat absorption
287
Q

Fenofibrate

A
  • fibrate
  • stimulates lipoprotein lipase to break down triglycerides into VLDL and chylomicron and removed from circulation.
  • decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis
288
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • tetracyclines
  • chloramphenicol
  • clindamycin
  • erythromycin
  • lindomycin
289
Q

Ranitidine

A
  • H2 receptor blocker
  • reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor
  • decreased activity of H/K proton pump
  • decreases gastric acid secretion
290
Q

Terbinafine

A
  • inhibits squalene epoxidase to inhibit ergosterol synthesis
291
Q

Pregabalin

A
  • may bind voltage-gated Ca ion channels in CNS, decreasing glutamate and NE release
293
Q

Eplerenone

A
  • aldosterone receptor antagonist
  • competitively inhibits aldosterone receptor in cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubule
  • decreases salt and water retention, increases salt and water loss
  • less K excretion in urine
294
Q

Paclitaxel

A
  • binds tubulin
  • promotes stabilization and polymerization of mitotic spindle
  • halt during metaphase
295
Q

Amiloride

A
  • blocks Na channels in distal cortical collecting tubule
  • blocks Na and water reabsorption
  • causes diuresis, decreases urinary K excretion
296
Q

Procainamide

A
  • Class IA anti-arrhythmic agent
  • binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte.
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
  • delays phase 3 repolarization
  • prolongs QT interval
298
Q

Anastrozole

A
  • inhibits aromatase
  • decreases estradiol levels
300
Q

Labetalol

A
  • alpha1 beta1 beta2 blocker
  • via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility
  • via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
  • via alpha1 get decreased BP
301
Q

Amoxapine

A
  • 2nd gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
303
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A
  • -pril.
  • captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril, fosinopril, moexipril, quinapril, ramipril
  • inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase
  • causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
304
Q

Prazosin

A
  • selective alpha1 antagonist
  • causes decreased BP, decreased prostatic and bladder neck contraction
305
Q

Hydroxyurea

A
  • inhibits ribonucleotide reductase
  • causes decreased DNA synthesis
307
Q

Imipenem

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
308
Q

Vinblastine

A
  • binds tubulin
  • depolymerizes mitotic spindle
  • can’t get past metaphase
309
Q

Acyclovir

A
  • phosphorylated by thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP.
  • inhibits DNA synthesis
310
Q

Vecuronium

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
  • competitively binds nicotinic receptors at NMJ
312
Q

Lisinopril

A
  • ACEI
  • inhibits ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase
  • causes less angII and bradykinin, decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases circulating volume of fluid
313
Q

Montelukast

A
  • reversibly inhibits cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor
  • blocks binding of leukotriene C4, D4, E4.
314
Q

Etidronate

A
  • bisphosphonate
  • decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
315
Q

NNRT Inhibitors

A
  • Nevirapine
  • Efavirenz
  • Delavirdine
  • binds to HIV reverse transcriptase, blocks DNA synthesis
317
Q

Famotidine

A
  • H2 receptor blocker
  • reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor
  • decreased activity of H/K proton pump
  • decreases gastric acid secretion
318
Q

Vardenafil

A
  • selectively inhibits cGMP specific PDE-5 in corpus cavernosum of penis
  • increases cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle of penis leads to erection
319
Q

Sucralfate

A
  • enhances mucosal barrier
  • promotes healing of duodenal ulcers
320
Q

Reteplase

A
  • fibrinolytic
  • promotes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to degrade fibrin and degrades thrombus
322
Q

Methadone

A
  • in maintenance programs for opioid addicts
323
Q

Tocainide

A
  • Class IB Anti-Arrhythmic Agents
  • binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte
  • shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
325
Q

Bupropion

A
  • 2nd gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
  • also a nicotinic antagonist
326
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A
  • irreversible alpha receptor antagonist
  • use: pheochromocytoma
327
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A
  • rosiglitazone
  • pioglitazone
  • troglitazone
  • binds PPAR-gamma, causing upregulation of genes.
  • causes decrease in insulin resistance
328
Q

Tiotropium

A
  • M3 antagonist
  • causes bronchodilation
329
Q

Glipizide

A
  • 2nd gen sulfonylurea.
  • stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
331
Q

Chlorthalidone

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule
  • increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
331
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • metabolized by bacteria into reactive compounds that damage DNA, proteins, and membranes. causes cell death
332
Q

Tranylcypromine

A
  • MAOI
  • inhibits MAO, increases levels of 5-HT, DA, NE.
334
Q

Flecainide

A
  • Class IC Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • binds Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
334
Q

Oxacillin

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
336
Q

Mivacurium

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
  • acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
337
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • barbiturate
  • potentiates GABAa receptor activity
  • decreases activity of CNS neurons
338
Q

Tamoxifen

A
  • competitive estrogen receptor antagonist
  • useful in postmenopausal women
  • decreses effects of estrogen on breast
339
Q

Apixaban

A
  • directly inhibits factor Xa
  • inhibits both intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
340
Q

Buspirone

A
  • 5-HT1a presynaptic receptor partial agonist
  • mixed agonist/antagonist activit on postsynaptic DA receptors in brain
341
Q

Isoflurane

A
  • general inhaled anesthetic
  • directly activates GABAa receptors
342
Q

Ultralente Insulin

A
  • slow onset (12hr peak)
  • long acting (24hr)
343
Q

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

A
  • hirudin
  • bivalirudin
  • lepirudin
  • desirudin
  • argatroban
  • melagatran
  • dabigatran
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
344
Q

Caspofungin

A
  • inhibits beta(1,3)-D-glucan synthase
  • disrupts fungal cell wall
344
Q

Phenytoin

A
  • decreases flow of Na and Ca ions, decreases depolarization of cells of nervous system
346
Q

Emtricitabine

A
  • NRT inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase
  • competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
347
Q

CCB

A
  • nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, verapamil, diltiazem
  • block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells.
  • causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
348
Q

Rivaroxaban

A
  • directly inhibits factor Xa
  • inhibits both intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
349
Q

Pyrazinamide (PYR)

A
  • anti-mycobacterial agent
350
Q

Hydroxyzine

A
  • 1st gen H1 receptor blocker
  • blocks H1 receptors
  • causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritus, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
351
Q

Foscarnet

A
  • pyrophosphate analog
  • inhibits viral DNA polymerase
352
Q

Diazepam

A
  • long-acting benzo
  • enhanced GABAa receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions
353
Q

Albuterol

A
  • beta2 agonist
  • causes bronchodilation, transcellular shifts of K+ into cell.
355
Q

Efavirenz

A
  • NNRT inhibitor
  • binds to HIV reverse transcriptase
357
Q

Carboplatin

A
  • alkylating agent
  • cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
358
Q

Clonidine

A
  • alpha2 agonist
  • causes decreased central adrenergic activity with decrease in vasoconstriction and decreased CO as well as HR.
359
Q

Flutamide

A
  • competitive antagonist at androgen receptor
  • decreases testosterone on prostate, inhibits gonadotropin secretion.
  • administer with leuprolide
360
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • short-acting: triazolam, midazolam
  • immediate-acting: lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide
  • long-acting: diazepam, prazepam, clonazepam, flurazepam
  • enhances GABA receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions of CNS
361
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • macrolide
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 50S, inhibits initiation complex formation, inhibits translocation.
363
Q

Ethacrynic Acid

A
  • diuretic that acts like furosemide
  • can be used in those with sulfa allergies
364
Q

Ephedrine

A
  • stimulates release of NE and Epi from neurons.
  • ⇒ increased systolic and diastolic BP, bronchodilation, stimulate CNS.
365
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • aminopenicillin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
367
Q

Ibutilide

A
  • Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte
  • prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential
  • prolonged QT interval
368
Q

Phenelzine

A
  • MAOI
  • inhibits MAO, increases levels of 5-HT, NE, DA
369
Q

Propylthiouracil

A
  • inhibits thyroid peroxidase
  • inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis
  • inhibits conversion of T4 to T3
370
Q

Rimantadine

A
  • similar to Amantadine.
  • blocks uncoating of viral RNA in influenza A
371
Q

Prasugrel

A
  • irreversibly inhibits binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptor
  • blocks ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
373
Q

Dactinomycin

A
  • inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
374
Q

Acetaminophen

A
  • aka tylenol
  • reversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2 in CNS
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis in CNS
  • anti-pyretic and analgesic
375
Q

Fexofenadine

A
  • 2nd gen H1 receptor blockers
  • blocks H1 receptor
  • causes bronchodilation, decreased pruritius, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased GI motility, decreased rash
376
Q

Polyethylene Glycol

A
  • bulking laxative
  • draws water into intestine via osmosis
  • distends bowel, increases motility
377
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A
  • binds Hb, reduces oxygen binding and delivery
  • signs: HA, GI upset, seizures, coma
  • antidote: oxygen
378
Q

Class IB Antiarrhythmics

A
  • lidocaine
  • tocainide
  • mexiletine
  • binds both activated and inactivated Na channels, blocks Na into cardiac myocyte
  • shortened phase 3 repolarization and action potential
379
Q

Adenosine

A
  • anti-arrhythmic agent
  • increases K efflux out of cells of SA and AV node.
  • hyperpolarizes cell
379
Q

Simvastatin

A
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
  • increases concentration of LDL receptors
381
Q

Potassium

A
  • anti-arrhythmic agent
  • increases extracellular concentration of K, raises action potential threshold, reduces myocyte excitation
383
Q

Neomycin

A
  • aminoglycoside
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, inhibits initiation complex formation, causes mRNA misreading
384
Q

Galantamine

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • increases stimulation of Nn and M receptors
384
Q

Linezolid

A
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • at 50S, prevents formation of ribosomal complex
  • use: MRSA, VRE
386
Q

Odansetron

A
  • blocks 5-HT3 receptors
  • inhibits activation of vomiting reflex pathway
388
Q

Bleomycin

A
  • binds DNA and triggers formation of oxygen free radicals
  • causes strand breaks and inhibition of DNA synthesis
389
Q

Rosiglitazone

A
  • thiazolidinedione
  • binds PPAR-gamma, causing upregulation of genes.
  • causes decrease in insulin resistance
390
Q

Lepirudin

A
  • direct thrombin inhibitor
  • directly inhibits thrombin
  • interferes with intrinsic and extrinsic coag cascade
391
Q

Fenoldopam

A
  • D1 receptor agonist
  • produces splanchnic and renal vasodilation
393
Q

Metolazone

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter in early dital convoluted tubule
  • increases retention of NaCl and water into tubular lumen, causes loss of water and salt via urine
394
Q

Etoposide

A
  • inhibits topoisomerase II
  • causes DNA strand breakage
395
Q

Trimethoprim

A
  • inhibits folic acid synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase
  • part of TMP-SMX
397
Q

Adalimumab

A
  • monoclonal Ab to TNF-alpha, inhibits binding of TNF-alpha with receptor
398
Q

Penicillin

A
  • binds PBP’s, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, blocks cell wall synthesis.
399
Q

Chloroquine

A
  • concentrates in parasite food vacuoles, prevents heme metabolism.
  • death from buildup of heme.
400
Q

Hydrocortisone

A
  • synthetic corticosteroid
  • mimics action of endogenous glucocorticoids
  • causes vasoconstriction, hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, decreased circulating leukocytes, inhibits prostaglandins and leukotriene formation by inhibiting phospholipase A2
  • stimulates gastric acid and pepsin production
402
Q

Atropine

A
  • competitive M1 M2 M3 antagonist
  • via M1 cause sedation, psychosis
  • via M2 get tachycardia
  • via M3 get decreased GI motility, cycloplegia
403
Q

Aluminum Hydroxide

A
  • antacid
  • weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
405
Q

Nifurtimox

A
  • creates oxygen radicals, damage parasites.
  • use: T. cruzi
406
Q

Fosamprenavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
407
Q

Topiramate

A
  • block flow of Na ions thru voltage-gated Na channels, hyperpolarizes and decreases activity of neurons.
  • may have GABAa receptor agonism
408
Q

Cholestyramine

A
  • Bile acid resin
  • inhibits reabsorption of bile acids in jejunum and ileum
409
Q

Tropicamide

A
  • analog of atropine
  • produces mydriasis
411
Q

Nadolol

A
  • beta1 and beta2 antagonist
  • via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP.
  • via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
412
Q

Verapamil

A
  • Class IV Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • blocks voltage-gated Ca channels in cardiac and smooth muscles
  • blocks in SA and AV nodal cells
  • slows phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, prolongs PR interval, delays repolarization of myocyte
  • causes peripheral dilation and decreased contractility
413
Q

Ticarcillin

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
414
Q

Sulbactam

A
  • inactivates beta-lactamases
415
Q

Pseudoephedrine

A
  • derivative of ephedrine
  • nasal decongestant
417
Q

Beclomethasone

A
  • inhaled glucocorticoid for asthma
418
Q

Clonazepam

A
  • long-acting benzo
  • enhanced GABAa receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, hypothalamic regions of CNS
419
Q

Ticlopidine

A
  • irreversibly inhibits binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptor
  • blocks ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
421
Q

Mannitol

A
  • osmotic diuretic
  • acts on proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle
  • increases tubular osmolarity, increases urine outflow, decreases effective circulating volume of body
423
Q

Nitrosoureas

A
  • carmustine
  • lomustine
  • semustine
  • streptozocin
  • alkylating agent
  • cross-links DNA strands to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
425
Q

Enoxaparin

A
  • LMW heparin
  • binds anti-thrombin III, accelerates actions of anti-thrombin III to degrade factor X
426
Q

Acetylsalicylic Acid

A
  • aka aspirin
  • irreversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2
  • decreases prostaglandin synthesis
  • anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet
426
Q

Ribavirin

A
  • guanosine analogue.
  • inhibits guanine nucleotide synthesis, inhibits viral RNA polymerase, stops viral replication
427
Q

Daunorubicin

A
  • antracycline
  • blocks DNA and RNA synthesis by insertion
  • produces oxygen free radicals
  • disrupts fluid and ion transport across cell membrane
428
Q

Delavirdine

A
  • NNRT inhibitor
  • binds to HIV reverse transcriptase
430
Q

Disopyramide

A
  • Class IA anti-arrhythmic agent
  • binds activated Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte.
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
  • delays phase 3 repolarization
  • prolongs QT interval
431
Q

Ursodiol

A
  • inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
  • decreases intestinal reabsorption of cholesterol
  • inhibits secretion of cholesterol into bile
  • causes decreased cholesterol gallstones
433
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

A
  • dorzolamide
  • brinzolamide
  • acetazolamide
434
Q

Sertraline

A
  • SSRI
  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT
435
Q

Voriconazole

A
  • inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal CYP450s
437
Q

Pindolol

A
  • beta1 and beta2 antagonist
  • via beta1 get decreased HR and contractility, decreased BP.
  • via beta2 get bronchoconstriction
438
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • alpha1, alpha2, beta1 agonist.
  • causes vasoconstriction via alpha1
  • increased contractility and HR via beta1
  • HR normal by reflex bradycardia.
439
Q

Moxifloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
440
Q

Barbiturates

A
  • phenobarbital
  • thipental
  • secobarbital
  • amobarbital
  • pentobarbital
  • potentiate GABAa receptor activity
  • decrease activity of CNS neurons
441
Q

Lopinavir

A
  • protease inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV protease, unable to replicate
442
Q

Meperidine

A
  • opioid
  • binds opioid receptors, hyperpolarizes, decreases activity of neural cells
443
Q

Esomeprazole

A
  • PPI
  • irreversibly inhibits H/K ATPase pump
  • suppresses gastric acid secretion
445
Q

Rituximab

A
  • monoclonal Ab aimed against antigen CD20 on B cells
  • induces B cell lysis
446
Q

Metoprolol

A
  • selective beta1 antagonist
  • causes decreased HR and contractility
447
Q

Lorazepam

A
  • immediate-acting benzo
  • enhances GABAa receptor activation
  • decreased activity of neurons of limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic regions
448
Q

Amiodarone

A
  • Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte
  • prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential
  • prolonged QT interval
448
Q

Finasteride

A
  • inhibits 5alpha-reductase
  • causes decreased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, therefore decreases growth of prostate
449
Q

Levofloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
449
Q

Thalidomide

A
  • decreases TNF-alpha production
451
Q

alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors

A
  • acarbose, miglitol
  • inhibits alpha-glucosidase on brush border of SI.
  • causes decreased absorption of postprandial carbohydrates, decreases postprandial glucose levels
452
Q

Aztreonam

A
  • monocyclic beta-lactam ring binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
453
Q

Zileuton

A
  • inhibits 5-lipooxygenase
  • decreases leukotriene A4, B4.
454
Q

Reserpine

A
  • inhibits neuron’s ability to store NE, DA, and 5-HT
455
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • binds D-ala D-ala, inhibits transglycosylase causing weak peptidoglycans in cell wall.
456
Q

Sulfonylureas

A
  • 1st gen: chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide
  • 2nd gen: glyburide, glipizide
  • 3rd gen: glimepiride
  • stimulate insulin release, prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors, reduce serum glucagon levels.
457
Q

Tubocurarine

A
  • non-depolarizing NMJ blocker
  • acts to competitively bind nicotinic receptors at NMJ.
459
Q

Dipyridamole

A
  • inhibits uptake of adenosine into platelets and endothelial cells
  • this activates adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, inhibits TXA2.
  • causes inhibition of platelet aggregation/thrombus formation. promotes vasodilation
  • high doses: inhibits cGMP PDE, increasing cGMP and causing vasodilation
460
Q

Semustine

A
  • nitrosourea
  • alkylating agent
  • cross-links DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
462
Q

Butorphanol

A
  • mixed agonist and antagonist at mu receptors
  • agonist at kappa receptor
  • causes hyperpolarization and decreases neural cell activity
463
Q

Insulin

A
  • decreases blood glucose by:
    • decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis, induces glycogen synthesis, increases glucose uptake into cells
    • inhibits lipolysis
    • stimulates AA uptake into cells
    • increases K uptake into cells
464
Q

Cyclosporine

A
  • binds cytophilin in T cell, inhibits calcineurin
  • decreases IL-2 production
  • decreases T cell activation
464
Q

Propafenone

A
  • Class IC Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • binds Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
465
Q

Dicloxacillin

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
467
Q

Sparfloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
468
Q

Cefdinir

A
  • 3rd gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
469
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

A
  • high potency: haloperidol, fluphenazine
  • low potency: chlorpromazine, thioridazine
  • block postsynaptic DA D2 receptors
470
Q

Naltrexone

A
  • opioid receptor antagonist for overdose
471
Q

Nizatidine

A
  • H2 receptor blocker
  • reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor
  • decreased activity of H/K proton pump
  • decreases gastric acid secretion
472
Q

Norfloxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II, breaks DNA
473
Q

Niacin

A
  • aka Vit B3
  • decreases lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • inhibits apolipoprotein A-1 breakdown, increasing HDL levels
474
Q

Piperacillin

A
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
475
Q

Sotalol

A
  • Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Agent
  • binds K channels, blocks K flow out of cardiac myocyte
  • prolonged phase 3 repolarization and action potential
  • prolonged QT interval
  • potent beta-blocking activity
476
Q

Zidovudine

A
  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRT) inhibitor
  • inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase.
  • competes with nucleoside triphosphates to be added to viral DNA
477
Q

TCA

A
  • 1st gen: desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin
  • 2nd gen: amoxapine, trazodone, bupropion
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
478
Q

Acarbose

A
  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
  • inhibits alpha-glucosidase on brush border of SI.
  • causes decreased absorption of postprandial carbohydrates, decreases postprandial glucose levels
479
Q

Ethosuximide

A
  • unknown mechanism.
  • decrease Ca currents across neuronal cells, inhibits GABA metabolism.
480
Q

Bethanechol

A
  • M2 M3 agonist
  • via M3 get bladder contraction and bladder sphincter relaxation, promotes urination
482
Q

Mifepristone

A
  • competitive receptor antagonist at progesterone receptor
  • for abortion
483
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide

A
  • antacid
  • weak bases that reduce acidity of gastric contents
485
Q

Penciclovir

A
  • phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP
  • inhibits DNA synthesis
486
Q

Physostigmine

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • for atropine poisoning and glaucoma
488
Q

Sulfasalazine

A
  • metabolized into sulfapyridine and 5-ASA.
  • 5-ASA is anti-inflammatory by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production, inhibits COX.
  • scavenges oxygen radicals
489
Q

Vincristine

A
  • binds tubulin
  • causes depolarization of mitotic spindle
  • can’t pass metaphase
490
Q

Clopidogrel

A
  • irreversibly inhibits binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptor
  • blocks ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
491
Q

Losartan

A
  • ARB
  • blocks angiotensin II at AT1 receptor
  • decreases peripheral vascular resistance and decreases effective circulating volume of fluid
492
Q

MAOIs

A
  • tranycypromine
  • phenelzine
  • isocarboxazid
  • inhibits MAO causing increased 5-HT, DA, NE
493
Q

Thioridazine

A
  • low potency typical antipsychotic
  • blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors
495
Q

Sitagliptin

A
  • DPP-4 inhibitor
  • inhibits DPP-4.
  • increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
496
Q

Methimazole

A
  • inhibits thyroid peroxidase
  • inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis
  • inhibits conversion of T4 to T3
497
Q

Homatropine

A
  • analog of atropine
  • produces mydriasis
498
Q

Levodopa

A
  • converted to DA in brain by DOPA-decarboxylase
499
Q

Opioids

A
  • morphine
  • codeine
  • oxycodone
  • hydrocodone
  • hydromorphone
  • heroin
  • meperidine
  • fentanyl
  • dextromethorphan
  • bind opioid receptors, hyperpolarize and decrease activity of neural cells
500
Q

Escitalopram

A
  • SSRI
  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT
501
Q

Scopolamine

A
  • competitive M1 M2 M3 antagonist
  • via M1 prevents motion sickness
  • via M3 decreases GI motility, cycloplegia
502
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • alpha agonist at high doses
  • beta agonist at low doses ⇒ vasoconstriction, increased systolic and diastolic BP, increased HR and contractility.
  • beta2 causes bronchodilation and mild decrease diastolic BP.
503
Q

Mirtazapine

A
  • heterocyclic antidepressant
  • inhibits activation of alpha2 receptors and 5-HT2 receptors, causes increased released of NE and 5-HT
505
Q

Ivermectin

A
  • activates GABA receptors, causes worm paralysis and death.
  • use: river blindness (Onchocerca vulvulus)
  • side effects: fever, rash, hypotension, arthralgias, vertigo
506
Q

Valacyclovir

A
  • phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase into analogue of dGTP
  • inhibits DNA synthesis
507
Q

Succinylcholine

A
  • depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
  • competes with ACh to reversibly bind nicotinic receptors.
508
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • natural hormone
  • V1 receptor causes vasoconstriction
  • V2 increases permeability to water in collecting ducts
  • V3 increases factor VIII activity
509
Q

Sevoflurane

A
  • general inhaled anesthetic
  • directly activates GABAa receptors
510
Q

Anthracyclines

A
  • doxorubicin
  • daunorubicin
  • idarubicin
511
Q

Fluconazole

A
  • inhibits formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal CYP450s.
512
Q

Zoledronate

A
  • bisphosphonate
  • decreases osteoclastic bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity and increasing oscteoclastic cellular death
513
Q

Ezetimibe

A
  • decreases absorption of cholesterol from SI
  • causes decrease in serum LDL
514
Q

Aminocaproic Acid

A
  • inhibits plasminogen activation, causing inhibition of fibrinolysis
515
Q

Cephalexin

A
  • 1st gen cephalosporin
  • binds PBPs, blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking, inhibits cell wall synthesis
517
Q

Class IC Antiarrhythmics

A
  • flecainide
  • encainide
  • propafenone
  • binds Na channels, blocks flow of Na into cardiac myocyte
  • prolongs phase 0 depolarization
518
Q

Polymyxins

A
  • polymyxins B and E bind bacterial cell membranes to increase permeability
  • for topical skin lesions
519
Q

Fluoxetine

A
  • SSRI
  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT
520
Q

Aspart

A
  • rapid onset synthetic insulin
  • lasts 3-4 hr
521
Q

Busulfan

A
  • alkylating agent
  • damages DNA by cross-linking DNA strands
522
Q

Bumetanide

A
  • loop diuretic, sulfonamide
  • inhibits coupled Na/K/2Cl transport system in thick ascending loop of Henle
  • causes retention of NaCl, K, water in tubular lumen, and loss of water and electrolytes
523
Q

Nicardipine

A
  • CCB
  • block voltage gated L-type Ca channels, inhibits Ca into cells.
  • causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases myocardial contractility
524
Q

Trastuzumab

A
  • monoclonal Ab against HER-2/neu (erb-B2) receptor
525
Q

Citalopram

A
  • SSRI
  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT
526
Q

Imipramine

A
  • 1st gen TCA
  • blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
527
Q

Protamine Sulfate

A
  • inactivates heparin
528
Q

Linagliptin

A
  • DPP-4 inhibitor
  • inhibits DPP-4.
  • increases GLP-1 levels, causing increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion
529
Q

Nevirapine

A
  • NNRT inhibitor
  • binds to HIV reverse transcriptase
531
Q

Danazol

A
  • synthetic androgen, agonist at androgen and progesterone receptors
  • causes decreased LH and FSH
  • causes decreased growth of endometrial and breast tissue
532
Q

Lamotrigine

A
  • blocks fast voltage-activated Na channels at presynaptic neuron
533
Q

Glargine Insulin

A
  • slow onset (12hr peak)
  • long acting (24hr)
534
Q

Edrophonium

A
  • reversible AChEI
  • increases stimulation at Nn and M receptors
535
Q

Minoxidil

A
  • anti-HTN agent
  • dilates arterial smooth muscle
  • promotes hair growth
536
Q

Tetracycline

A
  • protien synthesis inhibitor
  • binds 30S, blocks aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to ribosome
537
Q

Midodrine

A
  • alpha1 agonist
  • causes systemic vasoconstriction
538
Q

Docusate

A
  • stool softener
  • emulsified in stool to soften it
539
Q

Zaleplon

A
  • GABAa receptor agonist
  • binds at same place as benzos
  • decreased activity of CNS neurons

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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