stem cells and regenerative medicine Flashcards

1
Q

what are stem cells

A

differentiate into many diff cell types

capable of self renewal via cell division

provide new cells as organism grows and replace cells that are damaged or lost

several diff types of stem cells, embryonic adult and induced pluripotent stem cells

targeted by researchers for their therapeutic potential

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2
Q

uses of stem cells in disease/injury

A
blindness
wound healing 
spinal cord injury 
cancers 
myocardial infarction
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3
Q

what are stem cell sources

A

iPSC = induced pluripotent cells

ESCs = embryonic stem cells

ESCs = adult stem cells

used for:

  • model for basic and translational studies
  • cell replacement therapy
  • cell differentiation
  • disease modelling
  • 3D organoid models
  • drug screening
  • developmental biology
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4
Q

comparison of stem cell types

A
  • tissue specific stem cells are maintained in special supportive microenvironment called = STEM CELL niches
  • supporting ECM
  • neighbouring niche cells
  • secreted soluble signalling factors
  • physical parameters, shear stress, tissue stiffness, and topography
  • environmental signals (metabolites, hypoxia, inflammation )
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5
Q

describe embryonic stem cells

A

pluripotent = unlimited growth potential

higher risk of tumour creation

risk of being genetically different from recipients cells, higher risk of rejection

unlimited number of cells due to high cell potency

very low probability o mutation-induced damage in DNA

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6
Q

describe adult stem cells

A

oligopotent - unipotent = limited cell potency

less risk of tumour creation

compatible with recipients cells, low risk of rejection

limited numbers may be obtained

higher probability of mutation induced damage in the DNA - risk of disease

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7
Q

describe induced pluripotent stem cells

A

less growth potential that embryonic stem cells

less risk of tumour formation

compatible with recpitients cells = low risk of rejection

rather limited numbers may be obtained

higher probability of mutation induced damage in DNA = risk of disease

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8
Q

pluripotent factors (OSKM)

A

c-Myc promotes DNA replication and relaxes chromatin structure, allows oct3/4 to access target genes

sox2 and klf4 co-operate with oct3/4 to activate target genes

these encode TFs which establish pluripotent transcription factor network

result in activation of epigenetic processes that establish pluripotent epigenome

the iPS cells have a similar global gene expression profile to that of ES cells

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9
Q

Describe stem cell tracking

A

cell therapy

imaging to track cell therapies

in vivo imaging can aid developmental and clinical translation of cell-based therapeutics using non-invasive in vivo long term cell tracking in the preclinical settings

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