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Yr 3 oral biology > Stem cells > Flashcards

Stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is totipotent?

A

Capable of giving origin to a new individual (e.g. fertilised egg and first 4 cells produced by its division)

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2
Q

What is pluripotent?

A

Differentiate into almost all types of adult cell but not into foetal or adult animal (e.g. embryonic stem cells)

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3
Q

What is multipotent?

A

Gives rise to more than one type of specialist cell (e.g. adult mesenchymal stem cells)

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4
Q

What is oligopotent?

A

Able to differentiate into a few cell types (e.g. myeloid stem cells)

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5
Q

What is unipotent?

A

Able to differentiate into a single cell type

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6
Q

What are the major groups of stem cells (4)?

A
  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
  • Foetal tissue and umbilical cord stem cells
  • Adult (somatic) stem cells
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7
Q

What are the different types of adult (somatic) stem cells (3)?

A
  • Haemapoietic stem cells
  • Bone marrow derived mesenchymal cells
  • Mesenchymal cells
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8
Q

What are the different properties of stem cells?

A
  • immature, non-specialised and able to differentiate within adult organisms
  • capable of self renewal
  • clongeneicity
  • expression of verified stem cell markers
  • can be induced experimentally to differentiate into various cell lineages
  • Adult stem cells can be transplanted from one area and grow into a different type of tissue
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9
Q

What are the different types of dental stem cells (5)?

A
  • Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs)
  • Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)
  • Periodontal ligament stem cells (PLSCs)
  • Dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs)/ Dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs)
  • Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP)
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10
Q

Which dental stem cells come from permanent teeth pre-eruption?

A

SCAPs, DPSCs, DFPCs, GSCs

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11
Q

Which dental stem cells come from permanent teeth after eruption?

A

PDLSCs, DPSCs

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12
Q

Which dental stem cells come from deciduous teeth before exfoliation?

A

DPSCs

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13
Q

Which dental stem cells come from deciduous teeth after exfoliation?

A

SHED

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14
Q

Which dental stem cells come from the tooth germ?

A

DFPCs

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15
Q

What are the potential dental applications for dental stem cells (5)?

A
  • Pulpal regeneration in endodontics
  • Periodontal regeneration including guided tissue regeneration
  • Craniofacial regeneration
  • Dental implantology - new bone formation
  • Engineering of new teeth (bio teeth)
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16
Q

What are some of the potential medical applications for dental stem cells (6)?

A
  • Treatment for liver disease
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Stroke
  • Diabetes
  • Spinal cord regeneration
  • Cardiac repair
17
Q

Tell me more about dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs):

A
  • Found in a quiescent state in healthy pulp but source of odontoblasts to form tertiary dentine,
  • Experimentally:
  • found to produce tubules similar to dentine,
  • forms pulp-dentine like complex (without epithelial-mesenchymal interactions),
  • less good osteogenesis,
  • but shown to be adipogenic, neurogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic in vitro
18
Q

Tell me more about stem cells from exfoliated deciduous human teeth (SHED):

A
  • High rate of proliferation
  • Osteogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic, myogenic and chondrogenic in vitro
  • regenerate pulp like complex (but not dentine-pulp complex) in vivo
  • repair bone defects in mice
19
Q

Tell me more about periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs):

A
  • Homeostasis and regeneration of periodontal tissues or defects (prevents ankylosis)
  • Differentiates to form cementoblasts, osteoblasts and fibroblasts
  • Experimentally:
  • forms fibroblasts
  • osteogenic, cementogenic, adipogenic, neuronal precursors
  • potential to regenerate PDL in people with perio
  • cementum/PDL like complex -> dense collagen type 1 with sharpey like fibres embedded into cementum in vivo
  • expanded tem cells on 3D scaffolds = bone formation
20
Q

Tell me more about dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs)/Dental follicle precursor cells (DFPCs):

A
  • Dental follicle = precursors for PDL, cementum and bone
  • Source from impacted 3rd molars - can be cryopreserved
  • Potential tissue engineering application (complete peridontium) but not observed in vivo yet
  • cementogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic and osteogenic in rats at ectopic sites
  • characteristics vary across species studied
21
Q

Tell me more about Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP):

A

Apical papilla = soft tissue at apices of developing permanent teeth

  • source of primary odontoblasts for development of root dentine
  • Experimentally:
  • high proliferative potential
  • forms odontoblast-like cells and produce dentine in vivo
  • adipogenic and neural cell markers
  • Possibly the best source for root dentine formation
22
Q

Why is isolation of stem cells challenging?

A
  • Identification of the niche where they reside and are able to retain their “stemness” not fully understood
  • Lack of specific markers
  • Large number needed for stem cell replacement therapy (in vitro expansion)
  • Needs growth factors and or extracellular matrix components to stop differentiation
23
Q

What do stem cell markers CD146 and STRO-1 suggest about location of DPSCs?

A

Located in perivascular and perineural sheath regions

24
Q

Where are most stem cells found?

A

Around blood vessels (n.b. not in all tissues)

25
Q

Where are PDLSCs and SCAP?

A

In perivascular regions with additional scattered clusters

26
Q

What is tissue engineering?

A

Describes the process by which tissues and organs are regenerated by stem cell transplantation with and without a scaffold to reconstruct and restore the function of damaged or diseased tissues and organs

27
Q

What is organ replacement therapy?

A

Has great potential for the replacement of dysfunctional organs via a regenerative strategy of the whole organ by reconstructing a fully functional bioengineered organ using 3D cell manipulation in vitro

28
Q

What are the current treatment options for periodontal disease?

A
  • disease control intervention
  • bone or hydroxyapatite grafts
  • guided tissue regeneration using barrier membranes
  • use of growth factors and host-modulating agent
29
Q

What are the 5 important factors to be achieved for successfully periodontal regeneration?

A
  • functional epithelial seal must form
  • new acellular cementum must be generated on the root surface
  • alveolar bone must be restored
  • new sharpey fibres must insert into cementum and alveolar bone
  • gingival connective tissue must reform
30
Q

What is the current method used for periodontal regeneration?

A
  1. isolation of PDLSCs and expand in vitro
  2. transplant expanded PDLSCs into animal models with surgically created periodontal defects
  3. hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate career used
  4. regeneration of cementum and PDL like structures observed
31
Q

What does regeneration of dentine rely upon?

A

Vital pulp

32
Q

What have the difficulties in dentine/pulp regeneration been so far?

A

Difficulties with revascularisation

33
Q

What is hydrogel?

A

A scaffold material that has been developed -> poured into a pulp chamber and self polymerises under physiological conditions to form a solid gel capable of supporting cell growth and differentiation

34
Q

What may be the alternative to regenerating a whole tooth?

A

Regenerating a root e.g. using DFSCs -> then place a crown on it (experiments have shown this to be successful)

35
Q

Which cells can be used for tooth regeneration?

A

DPSCs, SHED and SCAP reprogrammed into iPS (similar properties to embryonic stem cells = produce epithelial cell line e.g. ameloblasts)

36
Q

How does whole tooth regeneration work?

A

Bioengineer a tooth germ = transplanted directed into alveolar bone socket or grown in vitro and transplant tooth

37
Q

What problems have been found in a paper trying to regenerate a tooth?

A

Tooth generated was too small

38
Q

What are the potential problems and issues for tooth regeneration (11)?

A
  • Identification, maintenance and expansion of stem cells
  • Formation of iPS cells
  • Controll of tooth size and shape
  • Controllable bio-tooth growth and eruption
  • Availability of odontogenic epithelium
  • Pulp re-vascularisation and neural regeneration
  • Host-graft immunorejection
  • understanding the immunogenicity and immunoregulatory properties of the stem cells
  • Design of appropriate delivery devices
  • Cost-benefit/effectiveness
  • Time for treatment

Yr 3 oral biology (16 decks)

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