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MCM Final > Stem Cell Applications > Flashcards

Stem Cell Applications Flashcards

1
Q

A _______ cell is a primitive cell that can either self-renew or give rise to more specialized cell types

A

Stem

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2
Q

Stem cells often have __________ morphology than more differentiated cells.

They have more ________ shape, depending on tissue lineage.

They have a ____ ratio of cytoplasm:nucleus.

Damaged tissue can release factors that activate stem cells.

A

Simpler

Circular

Low

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3
Q

What are some characteristics of stem cells?

A

Not terminally differentiated
Can divide without limit
Undergo slow division

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4
Q

Adult stem cells are ________-specific, and their proliferative potential is referred to as their ___________

A

Tissue; potency

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5
Q

____________ refers to the ability to give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development)

A

Totipotent

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6
Q

What is the primary example of totipotency?

A

Zygote

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7
Q

___________ refers to the ability to give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues

A

Pluripotency

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8
Q

What is the primary example of pluripotency?

A

Embyronic stem cells

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9
Q

____________ refers to the ability to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage

A

Multipotency

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10
Q

What is the primary example of multipotency?

A

Adult stem cells

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11
Q

Where are pluripotent cells located (in terms of cell type)

A

Blastocyst (inner cell mass)

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12
Q

The blastocyst’s outer cells will become the first embryonic epithelium (____________________), which will form the placenta and extraembryonic tissues

A

Trophectoderm

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13
Q

Once the zygote reaches the ____-cell stage, it is no longer considered totipotent

A

16

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14
Q

___________ stem cells are charged with maintaining cellular homeostasis, because they are already partially committed

A

Multipotent

[these will serve to replace damaged cells, sustaining cellular turnover]

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15
Q

The benefits to stem cell research include self-renewal and plasticity, but these are also factors that characterize _________ cells

A

Cancer

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16
Q

Each tissue has a fixed number of this type of cell population; they are programmed to have a fixed number of divisions and are controlled by short range signals that operate for a few hundred cell diameters

A

Founder stem cells

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17
Q

What type of stem cells define the size of large final structures?

A

Founder stem cells

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18
Q

What type of stem cells divide frequently but are programmed to have a finite number of divisions?

A

Transit amplifying cells

[these serve as part of the strategy for growth control]

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19
Q

For a steady pool of stem cells, 50% of daughter cells must remain stem cells. This is accomplished through what 2 methods?

A

Divisional asymmetry

Environmental asymmetry

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20
Q

What is divisional asymmetry?

A

Asymmetric division may create 2 cells, one with stem cell characterisitics and another with factors that give it the ability to differentiate

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21
Q

What is environmental asymmetry?

A

Division makes 2 identical cells but the environment influences one of them to differentiate

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22
Q

In asymmetric division of stem cells, the choice of which cell will differentiate is determined by asymmetry in the originally dividing stem cell.

In independent choice, what determines which cell will differentiate?

A

Choice is determined stochastically and/or by the environment

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23
Q

What hypothesis dictates that some tissue’s stem cells selectively retain original DNA as a way to prevent genetic errors in stem cells?

A

Immortal strand hypothesis

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24
Q

In the immortal strand hypothesis, the original DNA strand is maintained in the stem cell generations. What cell type receives the newly synthesized strand?

A

Transit amplifying (committed cells)

25
Q

What happens when embryonic stem cells are put back into the blastocyst?

A

They can integrate well with the embryo and develop into different cell types

26
Q

What happens if embryonic stem cells are injected into an embryo at a later stage or into an adult?

A

They fail to receive appropriate sequence of cues for proper differentiation and can become a tumor (teratoma)

27
Q

What is the defining feature of a teratoma?

A

Its ability to differentiated into a wide range of tissues; they do not display axis formation or segmentation

28
Q

How are instructions provided to ES cells prior to integrating in vivo?

A

They will be mixed with the desired cell type in vitro in order to give them the “instructions” on what cell type to become

29
Q

_______ cells may be derived at high frequency from good quality embryos.

Serum containing medium plus mouse or human embryonic _______ feeder cells

Serum free medium with serum replacement and basic ______

_____ and related cytokines have no effect

A

ES

Fibroblast

FGF

LIF

30
Q

An ES cell harvested from the inner cell mass and placed under the influence of retinoic acid, insulin, and thyroid hormone would become what cell type?

A

Adipocyte

31
Q

An ES cell harvested from the inner cell mass and placed under the influence of retinoic acid only would become what cell type?

A

Neuron

32
Q

An ES cell harvested from the inner cell mass and placed under the influence of MSCF, IL-3, and IL-1 would become what cell type?

A

Macrophage

33
Q

An ES cell harvested from the inner cell mass and placed under the influence of dibutyryl cAMP and retinoic acid, what type of cell will it become?

A

Smooth muscle

34
Q

An ES cell harvested from the inner cell mass and placed under the influence of FGF, FGF-2, EGF, and platelet-derived growth factor will become what cell type?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

35
Q

In directed ES cell differentiation, the ES cell is first exposed to a __________ signal so that it becomes a committed precursor cell. That cell is then exposed to specific signals for _________ and ____________ to produce large numbers of the mature cell type in pure form

A

Committment

Growth; differentiation

36
Q

ES cell therapies are reliable, and have highly reproducible results in generating cells with what type of potency?

A

Pluripotency

37
Q

What are some diseases that can be treated using ES cell therapies?

A 
Immunodeficiencies
Diabetes
Parkinson's
Spinal injury
Demyelination
Myocardial infarction
38
Q

Human ES cells express genes found in pluripotent cell populations. What transcription factors are essential for the establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in the embryo?

A

Nanog
Oct4
Sox2
FoxD3

39
Q

_________ is a TF required for early stages of pluripotent cell differentiation

A

GCNF

40
Q

__________ and _________ are growth factors found in pluripotent cells

A

Cripto; GDF-3

41
Q

In taking a slightly less differentiated cell like a mesenchymal or stromal stem cell and turning on certain genes using Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, and FoxD3, scientists are able to induce ____________

A

Pluripotency

42
Q

________ stem cells are found in tissues and respond to demands of growth and repair. Restrictions on these are strictly imposed by molecular restraints on gene expression

A

Adult

43
Q

True or false: adult stem cells may show a relaxation of molecular restraints on gene expression in an altered environemnt, possibly accounting for plasticity

A

True (but usually observed at low frequency)

44
Q

True or false: evidence supports the contention that, under the right conditions, adult stem cells can replace embryonic stem cells

A

False

45
Q

Where do hematopoietic and stromal stem cells come from?

A

Bone marrow

46
Q

__________ stem cells are found in blood components like cord blood, bone marrow, and peripheral blood

A

Hematopoietic

47
Q

____________ stem cells are found in connective tissues like Wharton’s Jelly, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and tooth pulp

A

Mesenchymal

48
Q

True or false: cord blood stem cells are undifferentiated and can become completely pluripotent

A

False, they are undifferentiated but cannot become completely pluripotent

49
Q

What are the 2 main strategies for generating patient-specific cells of a desired type?

A

Utilizing primary cells (reprogramming)

Utilizing pluripotent cells that are patient derived or non-patient derived (directed differntiation)

50
Q

Neuroregeneration is an adult stem cell therapy technique using ASCs derived from ______ and _______ tissue

A

Bone marrow; adipose

[these have the capacity to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into chondrocytes, myoblasts, osteoblasts, pancreatic beta cells, and neuronal-like cells)

51
Q

True or false: neural stem cells can repopulate the CNS; granfted neural stem cells can adjust their behavior and function to match their location

A

True!

Hippocampal cells implanted into olfactor bulb precursor pathway become incorporated into the olfactory bulb

52
Q

What is the biggest disadvantage to utilizing early adult stem cells as treatments for various conditions?

A

Immune rejection is possible if stem cells are derived from a blastocyst created through IVF

[if genetically different, grafted cells are rejected by host, so an identical genotype is required]

53
Q

What is the alternative to adult stem cell therapies where a nucleus is taken from somatic cell of patient and injected into the oocyte of a donor, replacing the oocyte nucleus?

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

54
Q

Ideally adult cells could be converted into ES like cells by manipulating gene expression directly. This would involve 4 key gene regulatory factors, what are they?

A

Oct3/4, Sox2, Myc, and Klf4

[however, when these are used the yield is low and they are not identical to ES cells]

55
Q

What alternative method for stem cell therapy produces cells which are custom made for the patient and solves the tissue rejection problem, since the cells will express the patient’s genes?

A

SCNT

56
Q

What are the cells called that are generated by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells?

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

57
Q

What is the general process for SCNT?

A

Combine donor oocyte (with nucleus removed) with recipient somatic cell

Stimulate cell division

Extract inner cell mass and culture

58
Q

What are the 2 major challenges to SCNT in disease treatment?

A

Inefficient, because you may need hundreds of oocytes to reach therapeutic quantity

Technically demanding, needs to be available in hospitals

MCM Final (14 decks)

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