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Steering > Steering Geometry > Flashcards

Steering Geometry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two aims of a steering system?

A
  • Centre point steering

- When cornering all steered wheels must turn about a common centre

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2
Q

What is splaying of the wheel?

A

The turning in or out of the wheel due to forces of the vehicle and the road

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3
Q

What is the scrub radius?

A

(AKA Offset)

Distance between the centre point of king pin and wheel contact points

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4
Q

How is the large scrub radius problem overcome?

A

By varying steering geometry by:

  • Wheel camber
  • King pin inclination
  • Dished Wheels
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5
Q

What is KPI?

A

(AKA king pin inclination)

Tilting in of the king pin

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6
Q

What are Negative camber advantages and disadvantages?

A

Advantages:

  • Camber angle reduced when cornering
  • Sensitivity through tyre is reduced (helps to keep the vehicle in a straight)

Disadvantages:

  • Offset is increased
  • Heavier steering
  • Increased tyre wear
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7
Q

What are positive camber advantages and disadvantages?

A

Advantages:

  • Lighter steering
  • Offset reduced

Disadvantages:

  • Cone effected
  • Wear on the outer edge of the tyre
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8
Q

What is positive and negative camber?

A
  • Positive: Wheel tilts out at the top

- Negative: Wheel tilts in at the top

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9
Q

What is negative and positive offset?

A
  • Positive: When the wheel centre line meets the KPI/SAI below the road surface
  • Negative: Where the angles meet above the surface
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10
Q

If there is no king pin what replaces the King pin inclination?

A

Swivel axis inclination

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11
Q

How do we counteract inward and outward splaying?

A
  • Splay in = Toe out

- Splay out = Toe in

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12
Q

How should the vehicle be moved prior to using a tracking gauge?

A

Backwards then forwards (Forwards always being the last movement)

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13
Q

What checks need to be done before using a tracking gauge?

A
  • Check tyre size, pressures and wear
  • Check wheel bearing play
  • Check front suspension for wear and damage
  • Check the run out of the wheels
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14
Q

What methods of introducing caster are there?

A
  • Moving the upper wishbone
  • Offset centre bolt
  • Underslung
  • Overslung
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15
Q

What are the two ball joint splitters?

A
  • Tapered wedge

- Clamp and screw

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16
Q

What are the two main ways a slip angle can affect a vehicle?

A
  • Oversteer

- Understeer

17
Q

What is the slip angle?

A

The difference between the intended line of travel and actual line of travel

18
Q

What are the forces affecting slip angle?

A
  • Cornering
  • Camber
  • Wind
  • Weight
19
Q

What happens to the steering if you have too much negative caster?

A

The steering becomes heavy

20
Q

What is positive and negative caster?

A

Positive - Kingpin tilted to the rear at the top

Negative - Kingpin tilted to the front at the top

21
Q

What can cause oversteer?

A
  • Increasing the load on the rear of the vehicle
  • Lower than recommended rear tyre pressure
  • Large load transference from the inner rear wheel to the outer rear wheel when cornering
22
Q

What can cause understeer?

A
  • Increasing the load on the vehicles front
  • Lower than recommended front tyre pressures
  • Large load transference from the inner front wheel to the outer front wheel when cornering
23
Q

What is front wheel alignment also known as?

A

Tracking

24
Q

What does a ‘Toe out on Turns’ test measure?

A

Alignment of track arms

25
Q

What will distortion of the track angle cause?

A
  • Misalignment

- Incorrect wheel angle

26
Q

What would happen if wishbones are of an equal length?

A

When road deflections lift the wheel the track will vary but camber wont

27
Q

How can almost true rolling action be achieved?

A
  • Inclining steering arms towards each other (ackerman angle)
  • Line projected from each king pin meet on the centre of the vehicle ahead of the rear axle
28
Q

What can cause the vehicle to pull to one side?

A
  • Incorrect front wheel alignment
  • Unequal track rod adjustment
  • Incorrect steering angle
29
Q

What is steering ‘shimmy’?

A

A rapid oscillation of the front wheels causing the steering linkage to shake from side to side

30
Q

What can cause steering shimmy?

A
  • Excessive play in the steering box

- Excessive play in the ball joints or king pin

31
Q

What is steering ‘wander’?

A

The vehicle tending to swerve side to side, making controlled steering difficult

32
Q

What can cause steering wander?

A
  • Excessive negative caster angles
  • Excessive play in steering joints
  • Tight ball joints, kin pin or steering joint
  • Incorrect steering box adjustment

Steering (4 decks)

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