ste 1 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Geography
A
the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries.
2
Q
Scale
A
each of the small, thin horny or bony plates protecting the skin of fish and reptiles, typically overlapping one another.
3
Q
Taxonomy
A
the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.
4
Q
Transition Zone
A
is part of the Earth’s mantle, and is located between the lower mantle and the upper mantle, between a depth of 410 and 660 km (250 to 400 miles).
5
Q
Region
A
an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries.
6
Q
Formal Region
A
often by government or other structures, are called formal regions. Cities, towns, states, and countries are all formal regions, as are things like mountain ranges.
7
Q
Functional Region
A
are made up of a central place and surrounding areas affected by it. Often, this is a metropolitan area that consists of a major city and lots of smaller towns or cities that surround it.
8
Q
Absolute Location
A
is the exact location on Earth of a specific place. Longitude and latitude are often used to describe the specific location of a person, place or thing.
9
Q
Continental Drift
A
the gradual movement of the continents across the earth’s surface through geological time.
10
Q
Tectonic Plates
A
the two sub-layers of the earth’s crust (lithosphere) that move, float, and sometimes fracture and whose interaction causes continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and oceanic trenches.
11
Q
Pacific Ring of Fire
A
is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements.
12
Q
Weather
A
the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc
13
Q
Climate
A
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
14
Q
Culture
A
the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.
15
Q
Population Distribution
A
is a term that refers to where people live. Distribution refers to the fact that the area is inhabited. Population density is the term that refers to how many people are in an area.
16
Q
Population Density
A
(in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term.
17
Q
Urbanization
A
When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas.
18
Q
Cultural Landscape
A
is defined as “a geographic area,including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.
19
Q
Lingua franca
A
a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
20
Q
States
A
a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
21
Q
Nation-state
A
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
22
Q
Nation
A
a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
23
Q
Political Geography and Economic Geography
A
Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. It represents a traditional subfield of the discipline of geography.
24
Q
Globalization
A
is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
25
Gross National Income (GNI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - (GNI)
is defined as the sum of value added by all producers who are residents in a nation, plus any product taxes (minus subsidies) not included in output, plus income received from abroad such as employee compensation and property income. (GDP) the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
26
Regional Geography
is the study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.
27
Systematic Geography
The study of geographical phenomena organized by class or type rather than by region.
28
Geographic Information System (GIS)
is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographical data.
29
"Physiography"
| Indo-European language family
are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
Centripetal forces and centrifugal forces.
30
Centripetal and centrifugal forces
Centripetal force is defined as, “The component of force acting on a body in curvilinear motion that is directed toward the center of curvature or axis of rotation,” while centrifugal force is defined as, “The apparent force, equal and opposite to the centripetal force, drawing a rotating body away from the center of curvature or axis of rotation.
31
Supranationalism
refers to a large amount of power given to an authority which in theory is placed higher than the state (in our case this authority is the European Union
32
Shatterbelt
A region of persistent political fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces.
33
Devolution
the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.
34
Ethnic cleansing
the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
35
Balkanization
divide (a region or body) into smaller mutually hostile states or groups.
36
Irredentism
is any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a "lost" or "unredeemed" area; territorial claims are justified on the basis of real or imagined national and historic (an area formerly part of that state) or ethnic (an area inhabited by that nation or ethnic group) affiliations.
37
Primate and world cities
A primate city (Latin: "prime, first rank") is the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. A world city is a cosmopolitan city, with resident and visiting foreigners.
38
Conurbation
an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.
39
Randstad
(Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɑntstɑt]) is a megalopolis in the central-western Netherlands consisting primarily of the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht) and their surrounding areas.
40
Continentality
A measure of how the climate of a place is affected by its remoteness from the oceans and oceanic air.
41
Heartland
the central or most important part of a country, area, or field of activity.
42
Tundra
Tundra - a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.
43
Taiga
the sometimes swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes, especially that between the tundra and steppes of Siberia and North America.
44
Rus
Originally, the name Rus' (Русь, Rus) referred to the people, regions, and medieval states (ninth to twelfth centuries) of the Kievan Rus'. In the Western culture, it is better known as Ruthenia from the eleventh century onwards.
45
Forward capital
is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state.
46
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
Commonly called Soviet Union or Russia. Abbr. USSR. A former country of northern Eurasia with coastlines on the Baltic and Black Seas and the Arctic and Pacific Oceans.
47
Russification
or Russianization is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one
48
Sovkhoz
a state-owned farm in the former Soviet Union
49
Satellite States
is a political term that refers to a country or nation that was formally independent, but is now politically and economically influenced by another country. The term is often used to reference the Soviet Empire, Soviet Satellite States, or Eastern Bloc.
50
Near Abroad
In the political language of Russia and some other post-Soviet states, the near abroad (Russian: ближнее зарубежье, blizhneye zarubezhye) refers to the newly independent republics (other than Russia itself) which emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
51
Unitary system
is a sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them.
52
Povolzhye
literally: "along the Volga") is a historical region in Russia that encompasses territories adjacent to the flow of the Volga River.
53
Distance Decay
is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases.
54
"Austral Realm"
What is the population number of Australia?
What about New Zealand?
The population of Australia is estimated to be 24,194,600 as of 21 September 2016. Australia is the 52nd most populous country in the world.
The current population of New Zealand is 4,581,043 as of Wednesday, December 7, 2016, based on the latest United Nations estimates.
55
What do you know about the physical geography of Australia?
| What about New Zealand?
Australia is a country, and a continent. It is located in Oceania between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. It is the sixth largest country in the world with a total area of 7,686,850 square kilometres (2,967,910 sq mi) (including Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island), making it slightly smaller than the 48 states of the contiguous United States and 31.5 times larger than the United Kingdom.
New Zealand is in Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean at 41°S 174°E. It has an area of 267,710 square kilometres (103,738 sq. mi) (including Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Islands, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands), making it slightly smaller than Italy and Japan and a little larger than the United Kingdom.
56
Who were the first inhabitants of Australia?
Who were the first inhabitants of New Zealand?
The first people who arrived in what is now Australia were the Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Aborigines came by boat from the islands of what is now Indonesia. They lived in all parts of Australia.
The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land.
57
How many states and territories does Australia have? Why were the territories created in Australia?
Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).
58
What do you know about Australia’s immigration policy? What about New Zealand?
With the Federation of the Australian colonies into a single nation, one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Government was the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, otherwise known as the White Australia policy, which was a strengthening and unification of disparate colonial policies designed to restrict non-White
59
```
" Final Exam GEG104"
Mental Maps.
Cartography
GIS
Scale
```
Mental Maps - is a person's point-of-view perception of their area of interaction. Although this kind of subject matter would seem most likely to be studied by fields in the social sciences, this particular subject is most often studied by modern day geographers.,
Cartography - is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.,
GIS - A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface.
GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships,
Scale - the ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding actual distance
60
Absolute and Relative location
Absolute and Relative location - A relative location is the position of something relative to another landmark. For example, you might say you're 50 miles west of Houston.
An absolute location describes a fixed position that never changes, regardless of your current location. It is identified by specific coordinates, such as latitude and longitude.
61
Region. Formal and Functional Regions
Regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography).
Regions defined formally, often by government or other structures, are called formal regions. Cities, towns, states, and countries are all formal regions, as are things like mountain ranges. Example, Imagine that you're standing in the middle of Atlanta, the largest city in the state of Georgia. You are in the city of Atlanta, the state of Georgia, in the United States of America, which is in North America. Not too far away is the Smoky Mountain range. Functional regions are made up of a central place and surrounding areas affected by it. Often, this is a metropolitan area that consists of a major city and lots of smaller towns or cities that surround it. Atlanta is a good example. The Atlanta metro area includes over 140 cities and towns. Places like Marietta, Alpharetta, Sandy Springs, and others are all part of the Atlanta region. In fact, the functional region of the Atlanta metropolitan area is almost as big as the entire state of Massachusetts!
62
Continental Drift
Tectonic Plates
Pacific Ring of Fire
Continental Drift - was a theory that explained how continents shift position on Earth's surface. Set forth in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, a geophysicist and meteorologist, continental drift also explained why look-alike animal and plant fossils, and similar rock formations, are found on different continents., Tectonic Plates - (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest., Pacific Ring of Fire -is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed. About three quarters of the world's dormant volcanos and active volcanos are here. The ring is 40,000km long, and there are 452 volcanoes. .
63
Weather and Climate
Weather and Climate - The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.
64
State and nation.
State and nation. - A state has different defining characteristics compared to a nation. A state issues money and has a bureaucracy that provides services to its citizens.Nations have a population that shares the same language, traditions and religion. This is not necessarily true of states. States often have diverse populations consisting of various groups, or nations. For example, when Mexico became independent from Spain, the country was too large and fragmented for the people to have developed a national culture. There were dozens of different identities. It took nearly a century for the Mexican government to develop a sense of 'Mexican-ness', or Mexicanidad in Spanish.
. - A state has different defining characteristics compared to a nation. A state issues money and has a bureaucracy that provides services to its citizens.Nations have a population that shares the same language, traditions and religion. This is not necessarily true of states. States often have diverse populations consisting of various groups, or nations. For example, when Mexico became independent from Spain, the country was too large and fragmented for the people to have developed a national culture. There were dozens of different identities. It took nearly a century for the Mexican government to develop a sense of 'Mexican-ness', or Mexicanidad in Spanish.
65
Core area and periphery
Core area and periphery - In world systems theory, the periphery countries (sometimes referred to as just the periphery) are those that are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. These countries usually receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth. A great example of core and periphery is Brazil with the ‘golden triangle’ at its core and the Amazon being its main peripheral area. Within cities like Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Prio de Janeiro overheating has become a serious problem. Large amounts of people from the peripheral areas within Brazil move to the core area. This causes many problems like: Overcrowding Lack of housing And sometimes the formation of favelas.
66
Globalization
Globalization - is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
67
Population Density and Distribution
Population Density and Distribution - Population density is the average number of individuals in a population per unit of area or volume. For example, a population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a density of 1 insect per square meter.
68
Regional and Systematic Geography
Regional and Systematic Geography - The REGIONAL approach studies the many characteristics of each region (or realm) of the world. This is the approach of your textbook and the main approach used in this course. SYSTEMATIC geography, on the other hand, studies one issue and looks at its spatial variations in all parts of the globe.
69
GNI or GNP
GNI or GNP - Gross National Income (GNI) is GDP plus income paid into the country by other countries for such things as interest and dividends (less similar payments paid out to other countries). Gross National Product (GNP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced by domestic residents.
70
"Chapter 1 - Europe:"
| Nation-state
Nation-state - a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent. Example - apan: Japan is also traditionally seen as a good example of a nation-state, although Japan includes minorities of ethnically distinct Ryūkyū peoples, Koreans, Chinese, and on the northern island of Hokkaidō, the indigenous Ainu minority; see also Japanese Demographics .
71
Lingua Franca
| Indo-European language
Lingua Franca - a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
Indo-European language - are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
Centripetal forces and centrifugal forces.
72
Primate City
Metropolis
CBD
Examples.
Primate City - is the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. Among the best known examples of primate cities are alpha world cities, including the alpha+ world cities of London and New York City.[5] In addition, Paris, Budapest,[7] Dublin, Kuala Lumpur, Lima, Mexico City, Seoul, and Vienna[8] have also been described as primate cities..
Metropolis - is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. The term is Greek (Greek: Μητρόπολη) and means the "mother city" of a colony (in the ancient sense), that is, the city which sent out settlers. This was later generalized to a city regarded as a center of a specified activity, or any large, important city in a nation..
CBD -
73
Supranationalism and Devolution
| Examples.
Supranationalism definition. an alliance involving 3 or more countries for their mutual benefit such as economic, cultural or political/ military. Devolution definition. the breakup of a country into smaller countries due to a conflict within the country.
74
Shatterbelt
Balkanization
Exclave
Irredentism
Shatterbelt - is a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. For example, Israel or Kashmir today or Eastern Europe during the Cold War..
Balkanization - divide (a region or body) into smaller mutually hostile states or groups.Example,the former Yugoslavia has become five independent countries and the province of Kosovo is currently fighting to break away of what is left of Yugoslavia..
Exclave - is a piece of land which is politically attached to a larger piece but not physically conterminous with it because of surrounding foreign territory. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves.For example, Kaliningrad is surrounded not by one state, but by two: Lithuania and Poland. It also borders the Baltic Sea.
Irredentism - is any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a "lost" or "unredeemed" area; territorial claims are justified on the basis of real or imagined national and historic (an area formerly part of that state) or ethnic (an area inhabited by that nation or ethnic group) affiliations.. for example, the quest for a Greater Serbia was in part responsible for the Wars of Yugoslav Succession during the 1990s, and the Greater Romania project (România Mare) was partially responsible for Romania siding with the Axis powers during World War II. It is related to, but distinct from, secession: Irredentism is the process by which a part of an existing state breaks away and merges with another, whereas in secession merging does not take place.
75
Entrepot
| Example
a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution.. Randstad -is a megalopolis in the central-western Netherlands consisting primarily of the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht) and their surrounding areas.
76
Polders
is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually operated devices.
77
Microstates
or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area, and usually both.
78
Landlocked
almost or entirely surrounded by land; having no coastline or seaport.
79
"Chapter 2 - Russia:"
| Continentality
a measure of the difference between continental and marine climates characterized by the increased range of temperatures that occurs over land compared with water.
80
Permafrost
more than two consecutive years. In areas not overlain by ice, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment, which freezes and thaws annually and is called the "active layer".
81
Tundra and Taiga
The taiga is located near the top of the world, just below the tundra biome. A lot of coniferous trees grow in the taiga. The taiga is also known as the boreal forest. Boreal was the Greek goddess of the North Wind. The taiga doesn't have as many plant and animal species as the tropical or the deciduous forest biomes.
82
Forward Capital
is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. Example, The relocation of the capital in pursuit of some national objectives, e.g., economic, political, etc.
Examples: Abuja, Nigeria; Brasilia, Brazil,
Malawi: from Zomba to Lilongwe.
Pakistan: from Karachi to Islamabad.
Malaysia: from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya.
Japan: from Kyoto to Tokyo.
83
Federation
| Russification
Federation - (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government.
Russification - or Russianization is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one.
84
Satellite state
is a political term that refers to a country or nation that was formally independent, but is now politically and economically influenced by another country. The term is often used to reference the Soviet Empire, Soviet Satellite States, or Eastern Bloc.
85
Near Abroad
refers to the newly independent republics (other than Russia itself) which emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
86
Federal and Unitary state systems
In a unitary government the power is held by one central authority but in a federal government, the power is divided between national (federal) government and local (state) governments.
87
Distance decay
is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases.
