STD 1 Flashcards
What are STDs?
Diseases which are capable of being spread from person to person through sexual contact and not only
How can STDs be transmitted?
- Sexual Intercourse
vaginal
anal
oral - Blood-to-blood contact
- Sharing needles or other drug-use equipment
- Tattoo or body piercing
- Infected mother to her baby
Which body fluids are considered high risk for STD transmission?
- Semen
- Vaginal fluid
- Blood
- Fluid in sores or blisters
- Cerebrospinal fluid, Amniotic fluid, Pleural fluid, Synovial fluid, and Peritoneal and Pericardial fluids
Which fluids are considered low risk for STD transmission?
- Saliva
- Tears
- Sweat
- Urine
- Feces
- Ear wax
- Nasal secretion
What are the features of Trichomonas Vaginalis?
Anaerobic
Parasitic Protozoa
Pyriform/amoeboid shape
10-20um length x 2-14um width
4 flagellum pointing anterior, 1 posterior
What part does Trichomonas attach to and replicate?
Squamous epithelium of genital tract
-> replicates in lower genital tract, urethra, prostate
What happens when Trichomonas attaches to tissue?
Lyses host epithelial cells
Triggers immune response causing inflammation
Pathogenic disruption of vaginal bacteria
What area is Tricomoniasis most prevalent in?
Western pacific region
What percentage of patients with Trichomoniasis are asymptomatic?
Men- 77%
Females- 85%
What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis in females?
- Heavy, unpleasant smelling green-yellow discharge
- Itching and burning at the outside of the opening of the vagina and vulva
- Painful and frequent urination
- Vulvar irritation and abdominal pain.
What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis in males?
- Mild discomfort in urethra
- Minimal urethral discharge
- Dysuria
- Inflamed head of the penis.
-> Complications can also include epididymitis, prostatitis, and decreased sperm cell motility
What are the features of oral ulcers seen in patients with Trichomonas present?
Large- 1-1.5cm in diameter
Circumscribed with elevated edges
Necrotic centre- with yellowish colour
How is Trichomoniasis diagnosed?
Direct Microscopic examination- wet mount
Isolation- gold standard but higher cost
Rapid tests
-> OSOM
-> GeneXpert
-> Xenostrip
How is Trichomoniasis treated?
Avoid sexual intercourse and tell partners
Metroniazdole/Tinidazole- single dose 2g orally
Metronizadole- 400-500mg x 2 daily for 7 days
-> mostly for HIV patients
What must patients on metronidazole and tinidazole abstain from?
Alcohol
-> M- until 24 hours after last dose
-> T- until 72 hours after last dose
Prevents disulfiram reaction
What type of bacteria is Chlamydia?
Gram negative obligate anaerobe
What are the forms of Chlamydia?
Elementary body- 300nm, extracellular, metabolically inactive
Reticulate body- 400nm, intracellular, replicative
What happens to elementary body as it enters host cell?
It transforms it to Reticulate body form
-> it returns to EB form when released by host cell as a result of inclusion extrusion or lysis
What causes Chlamydia to become non-infectious persistent form?
Exposure to:
* IFN gamma
* Pencillin G
* Iron depletion
What is the incubation period in Chlamydia?
7-21 days
What are some of the symptoms that can occur in patients who have asymptomatic genital Chlamydia?
Fever
Weight loss
Lymphadenopathy
Fatigue
Diarrhoea
What are the female symptoms of Chlamydia?
Vaginal discharge (white or grey)
Burning with urination
Lower abdominal pain
Bleeding between menstrual periods
Cervicitis that can progress to pelvic
inflammatory disease
What are the male symptoms of Chlamydia?
Urethritis, or less commonly epididymitis
Discharge from the penis
Painful and burning urination
Burning and itching around the opening of the penis
Pain and swelling around the testicles