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ap stats > stats unit 6 > Flashcards

stats unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Exploration

A

Informal, open ended examination of data for patterns

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2
Q

Disjoint (Mutually Exclusive)

A

can’t happen at the same time

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3
Q

Sample Space:

A

complete list of disjoint (mutually exclusive) outcomes

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4
Q

Outcome:

A

result of a single trial

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5
Q

Probability Distribution:

A

Gives all possible values resulting from a random process and gives the probability of each.

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6
Q

Law of Large Numbers:

A

In a random sampling, the larger the sampling the closer the Emprical probability come to the classical probability

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7
Q

Fundamental Principle of Counting (Tree Diagram or Two-Way Table):

A

if there are n1 outcomes for stage 1 and n2 outcomes for stage 2 then the possible number of outcomes for the 2 stages is n1n2

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8
Q

Or

A

one or the other or both

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9
Q

False positive

A

when a test result says that the person tested has the disease, but they actually don’t

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10
Q

False negative

A

when a test result says that the person tested does not have the disease, but they actually do

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11
Q

Sensitivity

A

the ability of a test to correctly identify people with a disease

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12
Q

Specificity

A

the ability of a test to correctly identify people without a disease

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13
Q

Independent Events

A

2 things can occur and they don’t affect each other

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14
Q

cases

A

subjects of statistical examination

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15
Q

variable

A

the characteristics of of the cases

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16
Q

summary statistic

A

condensing” data into a single number to help with data analysis

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17
Q

simulation

A

a procedure in which you set up a model of a chance process that copies a real situation.

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18
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The horizontal distance from the line of symmetry to the inflection point

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19
Q

skewed left/right

A

left: mean is pulled towards the left of the median
right: mean is pulled towards the right of the median

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20
Q

median

A

the value that divides data equally

21
Q

quartiles

A

three numbers that divide data into quarters

22
Q

interquartile range

A

distance between Q1 and Q3

23
Q

percentile

A

value that separates the lowest percent

24
Q

recentering

A

adding or subtract x to all values

25
Q

rescaling

A

multiply each value by x; x>0

26
Q

z-score

A

how many standard deviations away from mean

27
Q

interpolation

A

predicting within a model

28
Q

extrapolation

A

predicting outside model

29
Q

sample

A

part of a population

30
Q

census

A

entire population

31
Q

units

A

individual members in a population

32
Q

population

A

set of units you study

33
Q

bias

A

tends to give samples where some characteristics of the population is under or overrepresented

34
Q

correlation

A

measure of strength of a linear relationship

35
Q

sampling frame

A

all possible units

36
Q

convenience sampling

A

units chosen are easy to include

37
Q

size bias

A

size causes misinterpretation

38
Q

voluntary response bias

A

sample members self selected

39
Q

simple random sample

A

all possible samples of a given fixed size are equally likely

40
Q

stratified random sample

A

divide units into strata, take SRS of strata

41
Q

cluster sample

A

break population into clusters, take SRS of clusters, obtain data from entire cluster

42
Q

two staged sampling

A

break population into clusters, take SRS of clusters, take SRS from clusters

43
Q

lurking variable

A

variable in the background that once identified could explain a pattern

44
Q

experiment

A

establish cause comparing two or more treatments using a response

45
Q

observation study

A

no treatment assigned, conditions are built in

46
Q

blind

A

patients don’t know control and treatment group

47
Q

double blind

A

patients and doctors don’t know control and treatment group

48
Q

matched pair

A

only look at pairs, one with and one without treatment

49
Q

blocking

A

selecting pairs with similar units to help control for lurking variables

ap stats (2 decks)

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