Stats, Obs, and normal values

Question 1

pH normal value

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

PO2 normal value

Answer 2

10.7-13.3

Question 3

PCO2 normal value

Answer 3

4.7-6.0

Question 4

HCO3 normal value

Answer 4

22-26

Question 5

Base excess normal value

Answer 5

-2 to 2

Question 6

Nasal cannula flow

Answer 6

1-6liters of O2 per minute

Question 7

Simple face mask flow

Answer 7

5-10L flow of O2 per minute

Question 8

Venturi mask - how it works and max flow rate

Answer 8

Delivers O2 to a patient at a controlled concentration
The mask receives oxygen at a set rate
The oxygen passes through a narrow tube called the Venturi valve
The oxygen mixes with room air at a precise ratio
The size different venturi valve allows different O2 concentrations
Max flow rate of 15L

Question 9

Non-rebreather - how it works and normal flow rate

Answer 9

Delivers O2 to a patient by using a reservoir bag and one way valve to ensure the patient breaths in only O2.
12-15L flow and FiO2 delivered is 7-10%

Question 10

Bp normal value

Answer 10

120/80

Question 11

Heart rate normal value

Answer 11

60-100

Question 12

Respiratory rate normal value

Answer 12

12-16 per min

Question 13

Oxygen saturations normal value

Answer 13

94-98% (88-92% if O2 sensitive e.g COPD)

Question 14

Temperature normal value

Answer 14

36.5-37.5

Question 15

What is type 1 respiratory value, causes and how would this present on an ABG?

Answer 15

Is when the respiratory system cannot adequately provide oxygen to the body and leading to hypoxemia
Causes:
- Reduced ventilation but normal perfusion (e.g pneumonia)
- Reduced perfusion with normal ventilation (e.g pulmonary embolism)
- Indicated by a normal PCO2 and PO2 less than 8

Question 16

What is type 2 respiratory failure, causes and how would it present on an ABG?

Answer 16

When the respiratory system cannot adequately remove CO2 from the body, leading to hypercapnia
Causes:
- fatigue
- Neuromuscular disorders because of reduced strength of resp muscles (e.g guillian-barre)
- COPD (causes airway obstruction therefore increased resistance)
Indicated by PCO2 greater than 6 and PO2 less than 8

Question 17

What can cause a respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 17

Likely caused by hyperventilation due to:
- Pain
- Panic attack
- Pulmonary embolism as this obstructs blood flow in the lungs

Question 18

What can cause metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 18

Likely caused by:
- Dehydration (causes bicarb reabsorption into the kidneys)
- Medications like diuretics (increase the amount of urine the body produces)
- Loss of acid e.g vomiting

Question 19

What are some potential causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 19

• Sepsis
• Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes leading to diabetic ketoacidosis (cincreased acidic ketone bodies from fat break down)
• Severe diarrhea

Question 20

What are some potential causes of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 20

• Lung disease e.g asthma and COPD
• Neuromuscular disorders
  As the lungs are struggling to remove CO2