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Statistics for Behavioral Sciences > Stats midterm > Flashcards

Stats midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

set of all individuals in a particular study

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2
Q

Parameters

A

value that describes a population, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

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3
Q

Sample

A

set of individuals selected to represent the population in a research study

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4
Q

Statistics

A

value that describes a sample, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

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5
Q

Variable

A

characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

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6
Q

data

A

measurements or observations

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7
Q

data set

A

collection of measurements or observations

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8
Q

datum

A

single measurement or observation; commonly called a score or raw score

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9
Q

descriptive statistic

A

procedure used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

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10
Q

inferential statistic

A

technique that allows one to make generalizations about the populations from which samples were selected

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11
Q

sampling error

A

naturally occurring discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

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12
Q

construct

A

internal attribute that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behavior

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13
Q

operational definition

A

procedure for measuring external behavior wherein the resulting measurements measure a hypothetical construct

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14
Q

discrete variable

A

value consisting of separate, indivisible categories, wherein no values can exist between two neighboring categories

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15
Q

continuous varibale

A

value which is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

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16
Q

real limit

A

boundary of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line

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17
Q

upper real limit

A

boundary at the top of the interval

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18
Q

lower real limit

A

boundary at the bottom on the interval

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19
Q

lower real limit

A

boundary at the bottom on the interval

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20
Q

nominal scale

A

set of categories that have different names

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21
Q

ordinal scale

A

set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence

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22
Q

interval scale

A

set of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size

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23
Q

ratio scale

A

set of ordered categories wherein a zero score indicates none of the variable being measured

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24
Q

descriptive research

A

measuring separate variables with the intent of simply describing the individual variables

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25
Q

correlational method

A

observing two different variables to determine whether there is a relationship between them or not

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26
Q

experimental method

A

manipulating one variable while another variable is observed and measured

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27
Q

independent variable

A

value that is manipulated by the researcher

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28
Q

dependent variable

A

value that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

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29
Q

control condition

A

group that either receives no treatment or receives a neutral, placebo treatment

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30
Q

experimental condition

A

group that receives the experimental treatment

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31
Q

nonequivalent groups study

A

score comparison method where the researcher does not control which participants go into which group

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32
Q

pre-post study

A

method of using the passage of time to create the groups of scores

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33
Q

quasi-independent variable

A

value that is used to create the different groups of scores

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34
Q

Symmetrical distributions

A

distribution in which one side is a mirror image of the other

35
Q

skewed distributions - positive skew

A

distribution wherein the tail points towards the right end of the X-axis (–>)

36
Q

skewed distributions - negative skew

A

distribution wherein the tail points towards the left end of the X-axis (

37
Q

frequency distribution

A

organized tabulation showing number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement

38
Q

grouped frequency distribution table

A

graph presenting group scores rather than individual values

39
Q

class interval

A

group of scores in a grouped frequency distribution table

40
Q

apparent limit

A

value that appears to form the upper and lower boundaries for the class interval

41
Q

histogram

A

graph with a bar drawn above each score and with no space between adjacent bars

42
Q

polygon

A

graph with a dot centered above each score according to the frequency of each score

43
Q

bar graph

A

diagram with a rule drawn above each score with spaces left between adjacent bars

44
Q

relative frequency

A

estimated number of occurrences of a score

45
Q

skewed distribution

A

graph in which scores pile up towards one end of the scale and taper off

46
Q

tail

A

distribution section where scores taper off toward one end of a distribution

47
Q

mean

A

sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

48
Q

population mean

A

formula where in all scores in the population are added, and then divided by N

49
Q

sample mean

A

formula with symbols to signify population subset values

50
Q

weighted mean

A

formula combining multiple sets of scores and dividing to find overall mean for combined group

51
Q

central tendency

A

statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the midpoint of a distribution

52
Q

median

A

midpoint in a list of scores listed in order from smallest to largest

53
Q

mode

A

score or category that has the greatest frequency in a frequency distribution

54
Q

bimodal

A

distribution with 2 scores with greatest frequency

55
Q

multimodal

A

a distribution with more than 2 scores with greatest frequency

56
Q

major mode

A

taller peak when two scores with greatest frequency have unequal frequencies

57
Q

minor mode

A

shorter peak when two scores with greatest frequency have unequal frequencies

58
Q

line graph

A

diagram used when values on a horizontal axis are measured on an interval scale or ratio scale

59
Q

Steps of determining Standard Deviation and Variance

A
  1. determine mean - X/N
  2. determine deviation from mean - X - mew
  3. add deviation - sum of (X - mew) = 0 will always be zero
  4. calculate average of deviation scores - sum of (X - mew)^2/N this is the variance
  5. square root the variance this is the standard deviation
60
Q

unbiased estimate of the population parameter

A

of the average value of the statistic , obtained over many different samples, is equal to the population parameters

61
Q

biased estimate of the population parameter

A

systemically overestimates or underestimates the population parameter

62
Q

raw score

A

original, unchanged datum that is the direct result of measurement

63
Q

z-score

A

specification of the precise location of each X value within a distribution

64
Q

z-score transformation

A

relabeling of X values in a population into precise X-value locations within in a distribution

65
Q

standardized distribution

A

composition of data used to make dissimilar distributions comparable

66
Q

standardized score

A

result from relabeling data into new table with positive, whole-number predetermined mean and standard deviation

67
Q

probability

A

fraction or proportion of all the possible outcomes

68
Q

random sampling

A

selection process wherein each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

69
Q

single random sample

A

data set obtained using selection process wherein each individual has equal chance of being selected

70
Q

independent random sample

A

data set obtained using selection process wherein the probability of being selected stays constant

71
Q

independent random sampling

A

selection process wherein the probability of being selected stays constant from one selection to next

72
Q

sampling with replacement

A

selection process that return individuals to the population in order to keep probabilities from changing

73
Q

sample without replacement

A

selection process that does not require constant probabilities

74
Q

unit normal table

A

list or proportions of the normal distribution for a full range of possible z-score values

75
Q

percentile rank

A

portion of individuals in a distribution with scores less than/equal to the specific score

76
Q

percentile

A

score referred to by its portion of scores less than/equal to the specific score

77
Q

sampling error

A

natural discrepancy between a statistic and its corresponding population paramater

78
Q

distribution of sample means

A

collection for all possible random data sets of a particular size

79
Q

sampling distribution

A

statistics obtained by selecting all possible samples of a specific size from a population

80
Q

central limit theorem

A

mathematical proposition which serves as a cornerstone for much of inferential statistics

81
Q

expected value of M

A

mean of distribution of sample means which is always equal to the population mean

82
Q

standard error of M

A

measure of distance expected between sample mean and population mean

83
Q

law of large numbers

A

rule that larger sample size increases probability that sample and population means will be close

Statistics for Behavioral Sciences (2 decks)

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