Stats

Question 1

What is the lowest level of evidence?

Answer 1

Level 5: expert opinion

Question 2

What is the highest level of evidence?

Answer 2

Level 1: RCT

Question 3

What is better evidence? Retrospective case studies or case series

Answer 3

Retrospective case studies- level III

Question 4

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 4

It is the result, what the researcher is measuring to see if it changes. It is dependent on the interventions

Question 5

What is an independent variable?

Answer 5

It is the interventions that the researchers are comparing. What the researchers are manipulating or using

Question 6

Researchers are comparing US to exercise on the effect on neck pain. What are the independent and dependent variables?

Answer 6

Independent variables: US and exercise

Dependent variable: Pain

Question 7

What is a P-Value?

Answer 7

The probability that the outcome happened by chance or not. Has to have two or more groups

Question 8

What is an alpha level?

Answer 8

Number of the P-value that researchers set to say the results are significant. (Less than the number is significant)

Question 9

If the alpha level is set at 0.3 but the P-value is 0.4. Are the results statistically significant?

Answer 9

No because the alpha level was set to 0.3 and the P-value has to be lower

Question 10

What is type one error?

Answer 10

When researchers say there was a difference but there was not. “Backing a loser”

Question 11

Type II error

Answer 11

No significant difference between interventions when there was

Question 12

How do you correct type II errors?

Answer 12

Add more subjects

Question 13

What is effect size

Answer 13

How much better an intervention is to another.

Question 14

What are effect size scores? Values for Large, moderate, small, trivial

Answer 14

Large 0.8 and greater
Moderate 0.5-0.799
Small 0.2-0.499
Trivial <0.2

Question 15

Define intra rater reliability

Answer 15

The probability that the same clinician will get the same results on a test

Question 16

Define inter rater reliability

Answer 16

The probability that two clinicians will get the same results

Question 17

Cohen’s kappa scores: or K

Answer 17

0-1
Less than 0.4 is poor reliability
0.4 to 0.6 is fair
0.6 to 0.75 is good reliability
Greater than 0.75 is excellent reliability
1 is perfect reliability

Question 18

What is a positive likelihood ratio?

Answer 18

Increases the suspicion of a condition based on positive test results

Question 19

What are values of positive likelihood ratios?

Answer 19

Greater than 10 then large shift toward dx
5-10 moderate shift toward dx
Less than 5 small shift towards dx
1 = no chance

Question 20

What is a negative likelihood ratio

Answer 20

How much to decrease suspicion of a dx due to negative test results

Question 21

Name the negative likelihood ratio values

Answer 21

Less than 0.1 means large shift away from dx

0.1-0.2 moderate shift away

Greater than 0.2 small shift away

1 is no shift away from dx

Question 22

Subjects that know they’re in a research group work harder than they normally would

Answer 22

Hawthorne effect

Question 23

What is the solution to the hawthorn effect?

Answer 23

Use control group

Question 24

People work harder when they are watched is called?

Answer 24

Observer effect

Question 25

What’s the solution to the observer effect?

Answer 25

Make sure all Tx groups get equal Tx time

Question 26

When the control group works harder because they perceive they’re at an unfair advantage

Answer 26

John Henry effect

Question 27

How do you correct for the John Henry effect?

Answer 27

Blind the participants

Question 28

The is the effect where the researchers give extra attention to the experimental group

Answer 28

Pygmalion or rosenthal effect

Question 29

How do you correct for the pygmalion effect

Answer 29

Blind researchers and examiners

Question 30

This is the degree to which your study tests what it says it’s testing and isn’t influenced by other factors or variables

Answer 30

Internal validity - examples an event like a car crash or testing a hop test as everyone gets better with practice, people fall out of the study

Question 31

This is the degree to which the results of the study can be applied to real life

Answer 31

External validity- all the effects and unrealistic design are examples

Question 32

What test would you use to answer di PT students from my sample have lower testosterone than the known national average?

Answer 32

One sample T-test

Question 33

What would you use to answer due my Tx groups function improve more than my control?

Answer 33

Independent samples T-test

Question 34

What test to answer: did my groups function improve after Tx compared to before Tx?

Answer 34

Paired samples T test

Question 35

What test would you use to answer: did manual therapy, exercise, or a combined Tx group improve the most?

Answer 35

Anova

Question 36

What stats test would you use to answer: what happened to bone mineral density as age increases?

Answer 36

Pearson r or linear regression