stats Flashcards
max weber traditional authority paragraph
salman bin monarchical head of state for saudi arabia who holds absolute power. clear traditional authority as it has had a long standing monarch since 1727.
max weber charismatic authority paragraph
boris johnston portrays a likable, normal bloke to the public, evident through his messy appearance during his role as prime minster. he uses his character to gain support from people who originally may have not supported him. people do not see him as the mot powerful person in the country, they see him as a friend.
max weber legal rational authority paragraph
nelson mandela anti racism advocate against the racist south africa government. became controversial after he began using violent methods in attempt to overthrow the government. after he was released from prison, he was still viewed as dangerous however he ended up winning the election and becoming president.
steven lukes open face of power paragraph
2014 scottish civil partnership act allowed same sex marriage. bill was not unanimous all parties + pressure groups such as stone wall were able to have an input.
steven lukes secretive face of power paragraph
dominic cummings breeched his own governments covid policies by travelling up to durham for a holiday. boris used secret face of power to defend him whilst public were angered as they had misled the public
steven lukes shaping desires paragraph
ex president donald trump was able to convince hundreds of thousands of citizens that covid was not real + curable.
constitutions essay- uk uncodefied; representation of the people act 1918
enabled enfranchised women to vote in the uk. unwritten gives govt flexibility to react quickly to events such as covid emergency + allows govt to amend/create/establish laws in line with modernisation of society.
constitutions essay- us codefied ; bill of rights 10th amendment and right to bear arms 2nd amendment. only 27 amendments made
protects citizens against tyrannical govt as it is hard to change. arguably protects the rights of us citizens better as it is very hard to amend and therefore makes it hard for rights to be removed.
constitutions essay- uk unitary; scottish parliament exists as westminster has given its approval
other bodies such judiciary, local govt only exercise rule and authority within parameters set by parliament. parliament therefore can also remove powers as authority lies within uk parliament rather than scottish parliament. power limited.
constitutions essay- us federalism; us constitution clearly defines powers of the different branches of government. 10th amendment protects state level sovereignty “powers not delegated to us by constitution are reserved to the states”
constitution deliberately sets out to avoid centralisation of of power. should the federal govt disagree with legislation passed by state - it does not have the authority to change that law. federalism gives greater constitutional independence and dual sovereignty to the states.
constitutions essay- uk parliamentary sovereignty; 2019 labour party promised to abolish tuition fees which were increased by coalition govt in 2010. resulted in the 2019 snap election to make passing legislation easier - achieved 365 seats allowing him to pass brexit bill.
parliament can pass any law it wishes and no parliament can can pass a law that cannot be undone by the next. less effective as there is a lack of progression within legislation being passed, legislation doesn’t last long enough to truly take effect.
constitutions essay- us checks and balances; congress can impeach president/if congress tries to pass a law - president can veto it. 2020 trump impeachment on abuse of power + obstruction of congress
forces branches to be accountable to each other + ultimately us citizens. ensures that no one branch of government will become so successful that it renders another branch ineffective.
constitutions essay- uk rule of law; uk bill of rights are needed + civil liberties have been threatened by actions of govt. covid lockdown limited travel outside of the home however dominic cummings visited barnard
certain freedoms/rights which naturally belong to an individual whereby govt would have to justify removing them. freedom of speech is a natural right however govt may try to limit spread of extremism through limiting freedom of speech.
constitutions essay- us bill of rights; miranda rights enshrined into us law after miranda vs arizona found 5th and 6th rights of ernest miranda had been violated by arizona police dept
bill of rights provides protections such as freedom of press, religion, protection against self incrimination and a guarantee of a fair and speedy trial. individual rights much stronger than uk as rights are enshrined into the constitution- legislation that infringes on these rights cannot be passed.
passage of legislation uk; most of legislation originates in winning parties manifesto
and govt mps. if govt has a secure majority in hoc then almost all of the legislative programme will be passed. conservative brexit bill 2019
bill widely opposed by opposition parties however using their parliamentary majority, govt able to pass bill easily. limited opps for a private members bill to be passed due to lack of time + if govt opposes it will not have the votes to pass.
passage of legislation us; due to constitutional separation of powers, hor and the senate propose legislation.
sandyhook shooting; obama tried to pass tougher gun control however it was blocked by congress
only small amounts of legislation can be passed if opposition party controls 1/2 chambers of congress. congress controls passage of legislation in usa with very little control by the executive branch other than the chance to veto legislation president rejects
party discipline uk; 2019 mays brexit deal needed to be passed in parliament to become law
432 against 202 for
prime minster part of house of commons makes it easier for them to use prime ministerial authority to ensure party colleagues support bills. party discipline can break if leader is weak/controversial issues.
party discipline us; trump struggled to agree on passing economic support bills for businesses effected by covid
very difficult for the president to get bills passed as the opposition party, who will have different views may control one of the two chambers which makes it extremely difficult to pass legislation as they will not have the majority like in uk and will not get support of opposition party members.
committees uk; committees are made up of 10-50 lords. dominic cummings refused to attend the committee investigating vote leave - he was charged with contempt of parliament in 2019
committees examine issues in detail from govt policy to the economy. parliamentary committees cannot compel witnesses to give evidence, their budgets are very small and there is little media attention on the work of committees. mps have no obligation to attend hearings and get little punishments if they do not attend thus no scrutiny.
committees us; mark zuckerburg wanted to launch a digital currency through fb and was compelled to attend a senate committee hearing
they can compel members of the administration to attend highly publicised congressional hearings . enabled members of the hor to find out about the actions and responses of fb to potential issues with the plan, allowing full scrutiny.
confirmation uk; no monarch has refused a bill since 1707
once a bill has completed all stages it requires royal assent. the king has to formally agree to make a bill into an act of parliament. no set time between consideration and royal assent therefore could ignore bill. as head of the state the king must be politically neutral and in order to keep in line with their role as a monarch they will not refuse to sign a bill + if they do they will be widely criticized by the public for interfering with politics.
confrimation us; trump wanted to sell arms to saudi arabia for $8 billion however both dem and rep had concerns
once a bill is passed by both houses of congress, it goes to the president to be signed. they can refuse to sign this called a presidential veto which is a regular occourence when congress passes a bill the president opposes. makes it very difficult for to get legislation passed through all stages leading to gridlock.
campaign strategies traditional methods- campaigning; ed milliband promised he would have ‘4 million conversations’ by the time of the election. John ashworth mp received around 60% of the vote in his constituency due to canvassing, increasing labours vote share by 14%
momentum launched ‘my nearest marginal’ more than 100,000 accessed the website in the run up to the 2017 ge.
going door to door and speaking to constituents and members of the public in an effort to talk to them about key issues and convince them it is in their best interests to vote for the candidate and their party. nowadays canvassing involves political activists and party members themselves rather than politicians. canvassing cannot make or break an election however when mixed with other campaign methods it can be extremely successful - my nearest marginal allowed labour supporters and party members to see closest marginal seats and use carpools to get activists to these places.
campaign strategies traditional methods- battle busses; 2017 con battle bus focused on theresa mays slogan of a ‘strong and stable leadership’ 2015 con battle bus used to transport party members to marginal seats to campaign
battle busses house reporters, politicians and advisors which them to travel the country to speak at events and spread their campaign. reporters have access to politicians which allow them to curate their ideal campaign message. battle busses decorated with slogans to try and attract attention of passers by + to broadcast election pledges. regarded as widely effective and con added an extra fleet of busses in the in the lead up to the election. on their own battle busses are generally ineffective in making or breaking an election when mixing with other factors such as canvassing they are much more effective.
