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Question 1

max weber traditional authority paragraph

Answer 1

salman bin monarchical head of state for saudi arabia who holds absolute power. clear traditional authority as it has had a long standing monarch since 1727.

Question 2

max weber charismatic authority paragraph

Answer 2

boris johnston portrays a likable, normal bloke to the public, evident through his messy appearance during his role as prime minster. he uses his character to gain support from people who originally may have not supported him. people do not see him as the mot powerful person in the country, they see him as a friend.

Question 3

max weber legal rational authority paragraph

Answer 3

nelson mandela anti racism advocate against the racist south africa government. became controversial after he began using violent methods in attempt to overthrow the government. after he was released from prison, he was still viewed as dangerous however he ended up winning the election and becoming president.

Question 4

steven lukes open face of power paragraph

Answer 4

2014 scottish civil partnership act allowed same sex marriage. bill was not unanimous all parties + pressure groups such as stone wall were able to have an input.

Question 5

steven lukes secretive face of power paragraph

Answer 5

dominic cummings breeched his own governments covid policies by travelling up to durham for a holiday. boris used secret face of power to defend him whilst public were angered as they had misled the public

Question 6

steven lukes shaping desires paragraph

Answer 6

ex president donald trump was able to convince hundreds of thousands of citizens that covid was not real + curable.

Question 7

constitutions essay- uk uncodefied; representation of the people act 1918

Answer 7

enabled enfranchised women to vote in the uk. unwritten gives govt flexibility to react quickly to events such as covid emergency + allows govt to amend/create/establish laws in line with modernisation of society.

Question 8

constitutions essay- us codefied ; bill of rights 10th amendment and right to bear arms 2nd amendment. only 27 amendments made

Answer 8

protects citizens against tyrannical govt as it is hard to change. arguably protects the rights of us citizens better as it is very hard to amend and therefore makes it hard for rights to be removed.

Question 9

constitutions essay- uk unitary; scottish parliament exists as westminster has given its approval

Answer 9

other bodies such judiciary, local govt only exercise rule and authority within parameters set by parliament. parliament therefore can also remove powers as authority lies within uk parliament rather than scottish parliament. power limited.

Question 10

constitutions essay- us federalism; us constitution clearly defines powers of the different branches of government. 10th amendment protects state level sovereignty “powers not delegated to us by constitution are reserved to the states”

Answer 10

constitution deliberately sets out to avoid centralisation of of power. should the federal govt disagree with legislation passed by state - it does not have the authority to change that law. federalism gives greater constitutional independence and dual sovereignty to the states.

Question 11

constitutions essay- uk parliamentary sovereignty; 2019 labour party promised to abolish tuition fees which were increased by coalition govt in 2010. resulted in the 2019 snap election to make passing legislation easier - achieved 365 seats allowing him to pass brexit bill.

Answer 11

parliament can pass any law it wishes and no parliament can can pass a law that cannot be undone by the next. less effective as there is a lack of progression within legislation being passed, legislation doesn’t last long enough to truly take effect.

Question 12

constitutions essay- us checks and balances; congress can impeach president/if congress tries to pass a law - president can veto it. 2020 trump impeachment on abuse of power + obstruction of congress

Answer 12

forces branches to be accountable to each other + ultimately us citizens. ensures that no one branch of government will become so successful that it renders another branch ineffective.

Question 13

constitutions essay- uk rule of law; uk bill of rights are needed + civil liberties have been threatened by actions of govt. covid lockdown limited travel outside of the home however dominic cummings visited barnard

Answer 13

certain freedoms/rights which naturally belong to an individual whereby govt would have to justify removing them. freedom of speech is a natural right however govt may try to limit spread of extremism through limiting freedom of speech.

Question 14

constitutions essay- us bill of rights; miranda rights enshrined into us law after miranda vs arizona found 5th and 6th rights of ernest miranda had been violated by arizona police dept

Answer 14

bill of rights provides protections such as freedom of press, religion, protection against self incrimination and a guarantee of a fair and speedy trial. individual rights much stronger than uk as rights are enshrined into the constitution- legislation that infringes on these rights cannot be passed.

Question 15

passage of legislation uk; most of legislation originates in winning parties manifesto
and govt mps. if govt has a secure majority in hoc then almost all of the legislative programme will be passed. conservative brexit bill 2019

Answer 15

bill widely opposed by opposition parties however using their parliamentary majority, govt able to pass bill easily. limited opps for a private members bill to be passed due to lack of time + if govt opposes it will not have the votes to pass.

Question 16

passage of legislation us; due to constitutional separation of powers, hor and the senate propose legislation.
sandyhook shooting; obama tried to pass tougher gun control however it was blocked by congress

Answer 16

only small amounts of legislation can be passed if opposition party controls 1/2 chambers of congress. congress controls passage of legislation in usa with very little control by the executive branch other than the chance to veto legislation president rejects

Question 17

party discipline uk; 2019 mays brexit deal needed to be passed in parliament to become law
432 against 202 for

Answer 17

prime minster part of house of commons makes it easier for them to use prime ministerial authority to ensure party colleagues support bills. party discipline can break if leader is weak/controversial issues.

Question 18

party discipline us; trump struggled to agree on passing economic support bills for businesses effected by covid

Answer 18

very difficult for the president to get bills passed as the opposition party, who will have different views may control one of the two chambers which makes it extremely difficult to pass legislation as they will not have the majority like in uk and will not get support of opposition party members.

Question 19

committees uk; committees are made up of 10-50 lords. dominic cummings refused to attend the committee investigating vote leave - he was charged with contempt of parliament in 2019

Answer 19

committees examine issues in detail from govt policy to the economy. parliamentary committees cannot compel witnesses to give evidence, their budgets are very small and there is little media attention on the work of committees. mps have no obligation to attend hearings and get little punishments if they do not attend thus no scrutiny.

Question 20

committees us; mark zuckerburg wanted to launch a digital currency through fb and was compelled to attend a senate committee hearing

Answer 20

they can compel members of the administration to attend highly publicised congressional hearings . enabled members of the hor to find out about the actions and responses of fb to potential issues with the plan, allowing full scrutiny.

Question 21

confirmation uk; no monarch has refused a bill since 1707

Answer 21

once a bill has completed all stages it requires royal assent. the king has to formally agree to make a bill into an act of parliament. no set time between consideration and royal assent therefore could ignore bill. as head of the state the king must be politically neutral and in order to keep in line with their role as a monarch they will not refuse to sign a bill + if they do they will be widely criticized by the public for interfering with politics.

Question 22

confrimation us; trump wanted to sell arms to saudi arabia for $8 billion however both dem and rep had concerns

Answer 22

once a bill is passed by both houses of congress, it goes to the president to be signed. they can refuse to sign this called a presidential veto which is a regular occourence when congress passes a bill the president opposes. makes it very difficult for to get legislation passed through all stages leading to gridlock.

Question 23

campaign strategies traditional methods- campaigning; ed milliband promised he would have ‘4 million conversations’ by the time of the election. John ashworth mp received around 60% of the vote in his constituency due to canvassing, increasing labours vote share by 14%
momentum launched ‘my nearest marginal’ more than 100,000 accessed the website in the run up to the 2017 ge.

Answer 23

going door to door and speaking to constituents and members of the public in an effort to talk to them about key issues and convince them it is in their best interests to vote for the candidate and their party. nowadays canvassing involves political activists and party members themselves rather than politicians. canvassing cannot make or break an election however when mixed with other campaign methods it can be extremely successful - my nearest marginal allowed labour supporters and party members to see closest marginal seats and use carpools to get activists to these places.

Question 24

campaign strategies traditional methods- battle busses; 2017 con battle bus focused on theresa mays slogan of a ‘strong and stable leadership’ 2015 con battle bus used to transport party members to marginal seats to campaign

Answer 24

battle busses house reporters, politicians and advisors which them to travel the country to speak at events and spread their campaign. reporters have access to politicians which allow them to curate their ideal campaign message. battle busses decorated with slogans to try and attract attention of passers by + to broadcast election pledges. regarded as widely effective and con added an extra fleet of busses in the in the lead up to the election. on their own battle busses are generally ineffective in making or breaking an election when mixing with other factors such as canvassing they are much more effective.

Question 25

campaign strategies- new technology; 2015 votersource contained all of the electoral researched by the conservatives and made accessible to canvassers and party members to target voters. ‘squeeze message’ eg if someone was less likely to vote con but more likely to vote ukip and less likely to vote labour the message would say ‘dont vote ukip you will let labour in’
lord feldman felt their data was being save incorrectly and threatened to go back to card system to protect voter data.

Answer 25

use of modern technology was a huge success for con and allowed a great deal of power and influence in the election. however system was not foolproof and votesource crashed on election day, however it could be said that targeted campaigning prior to the election meant this was not a large issue.

Question 26

campaign strategies- television; david cameron hired advisors to help him run his campaign. soundbites spliced together in time for 10 oclock news to make him seem the better leader.
theresa may refused to take part in televised debates libdem leader accused her of ‘running sacred’

Answer 26

televised debate resulted in chaos however his advisors had been prepared for this eventuality, so scripted soundbites into opening speech and first arguments of the debate. whilst the polls highlighted no clear leader, he did not embarrass himself+his party.
mays campaign of being a ‘strong stable leader’ was completely undermined. impacted the accuracy of her campaign as she was seen to actively not be a strong stable leader.

Question 27

vb- rational choice model; 2010 54% people stated they vote based on national issues
leadership important- boris johnston portrayed as ‘messy’ and ‘unorganised’ during his leadership.

Answer 27

people vote based on their own self interest. treats voters as consumers who vote based on who they think will best improve their situation. people want to fix certain issues within the country and will pick a party whos policies best fit this. many vote based on short term factors that change between elections such as education, health and the econ. eg inflation and cost of living crisis currently. leadership important as people may agree with policies however if they do not have a strong leader they will not vote for them. uk utilises media in furthering campaigns which can impact carefully cultivated appearance. model fails to acknowledge party loyalty.

Question 28

vb- identification model; 2017 ge d/e loyal to labour 47%. people are becoming more educated with similarities between parties eg ukip and con. 2014 37% identified strongly with one specific party.

Answer 28

long term affective attachment to a party. party ties mobalise people to vote to support for their party and to work for the party during their campaign. given limited info people have on complex political issues party ties provide a cue to what party to vote for. people will always vote for parties regardless of change in leaders and policies. model relevant as con and lab have core voters that will always vote for them due to party ties. decline in relevance due to class dealignment and education on similarities between two parties meaning people vote against parties they originally voted for. people now make rational decisions as there is better access to media for people to educate themselves.

Question 29

vb- sociological model age; 2015 ge 47% 65+ voted con compared to 23% lab. 2017 ge 66% of 18-24 voted lab and 19% con.
effected by turnout- 2015 ge only 43% of voters in 18-24 voted with 65+ having the highest turnout.

Answer 29

as people age they are ore likely to gain promotions and be in higher levels of employment therefore earn more money which makes them align with con who want to lower taxes to protect money they have earned. they have also lived longer and have more life experiences and possible are more educated on the intricacies of politics.
less influential as it is greatly reliant on turnout. young have less turnout which means their proportion of votes is not as effective.

Question 30

vb- sociological model social class; 1951 65% of wc voted for con and 85% of middle/upper class voted for con.
2010 29% of c2 voted lab and 37% voted con

Answer 30

traditionally wc more likley to vote lab and uc more likley to vote con. however in recent years there has been a class dealignment which is the decline in attachments felt by voters to a particular political party. individuals are becoming less influenced with their social class showing that it is less influential as it used to be. people are now voting for parties that reflect their views at the time of the election rather than being defined by their social class. however class still has a significant influence as parties will still try to relate their policies to better suit these classes in order to increase their vote share.