Statistics Terminology

Question 1

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 1

What the experimenter thanks may be true or wishes to be true before he or she begins an experiment. Also called research hypothesis.

Question 2

Casual relationship

Answer 2

A relationship in which one factor can be said to be the cause of another. This relationship can be tested with controlled experiments. 

Question 3

Controlled randomize experiment

Answer 3

The most powerful experimental design, because it allows for the inference of causation. The participants are randomly chosen from a population in randomly assigned to one or two or more groups usually an experimental group. I received some treatment in a control group that receive the placebo. 

Question 4

Correlation

Answer 4

The degree of relationship between two variables

Question 5

Cross-sectional study

Answer 5

A research study that involves a single observation (such as an interviewer questionnaire) which maybe use a Terminal variables affect each other at the same and period

Question 6

Degrees of freedom

Answer 6

A parameter that is equal to the number of observations or groups in a study minus some values that limit the observations or groups freedom to vary

Question 7

Dependent variable

Answer 7

In an experiment, a measure expected to vary across different levels of the independent variable. It also called the response variable.

Question 8

Directional alternative hypothesis

Answer 8

Where are the alternative hypothesis is specifically stated before hand. (group ones mean is greater than group to means. This is also called one tailed test of significance.)

Question 9

Double blind experiment

Answer 9

Neither the participant nor the treatment allocator know whether the participant has been allocated to a treatment or control group

Question 10

Experimental study

Answer 10

What type of study in which all variables measured and manipulations are under research control. The goal of an experiment is to control the environment. In such a way that manipulation of the independent variable you’ll say direct corresponding change in the dependent variable.

Question 11

Independent t-test

Answer 11

A statistical test determine whether there are significant differences between two independent groups means being tested on the same dependent variable 

Question 12

Independent variable

Answer 12

In an experiment, the variable that the experimental manipulates. It may also be called the treatment variable.

Question 13

Mean

Answer 13

The arithmetical average of a group of scores

Question 14

Median

Answer 14

The center of a distribution of scores such that half of the scores are above that number and half of the scores are below that number

Question 15

Mode

Answer 15

 The most frequently occurring score

Question 16

Nondirectional alternative hypothesis

Answer 16

Where are the no hypothesis will be rejected if either group 1 mean, exceeds group twos mean or vice versa or where the null hypothesis will be rejected if a relationship exists, regardless of its nature. This is also called the two-tailed test if significance. 

Question 17

Null hypothesis

Answer 17

The starting point in scientific research where the experimenter assume there’s no effect of the treatment or no relationship between the two variables

Question 18

 Observational study

Answer 18

A type of study in which individuals are observed, or certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome. 

Question 19

P value

Answer 19

The probability of results of the experiment being attributed to chance

Question 20

Dependent t-test

Answer 20

A test design to determine the statistical differences between two groups means where the participants in each group are either from the same or matched pairs. Dependent t-test are also referred to as paired t-test. 

Question 21

Prospective cohort study

Answer 21

A research study that falls over time groups of individuals who are like in many ways, but if you’re by certain characteristics, and compare them to a particular outcome

Question 22

Reliability

Answer 22

The likelihood that the same experiment will yield identical results if performed many times over, by the same team, or by other teams

Question 23

Replication

Answer 23

Repeatability duplicate the results of a scientific experiment by different experimenters, which helps establish a hypothesis is usefulness

Question 24

Retrospective cohort study

Answer 24

A research study in which the medical records of a group of individuals were like in many ways with a For by certain characteristics are compared for a particular outcome. This is also called a historic cohort study.

Question 25

Single blind experiment

Answer 25

The purchase meant does not know whether he or she has been allocated to a treatment or control group

Question 26

Standard deviation

Answer 26

A parameter variability of data about the mean score

Question 27

Statistically nonsignificant

Answer 27

Describes a mathematical measure of differences between groups. The difference is said to be statistically nonsignificant, if it is not greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. This means that there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and the results of the experiment are attributed to chance 

Question 28

Triple blind experiment

Answer 28

Neither the participants, the treatment alligator, nor the response gatherers know whether the participant has been allocated to a treatment or control group

Question 29

Variance

Answer 29

A perimeter of variability of a data about the mean score, which is the square of the standard deviation

Question 30

Validity

Answer 30

Extent to which the results cannot be attributed to error of sampling or measurement