Statistics - Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Def of population

A

The whole set of items that are of interest

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2
Q

Def of census

A

Observes or measures every member of a population

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3
Q

Sample def

A

A selection of observations taken from a subset of the population which is used to find out information about the population as a whole

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4
Q

Advantages of a census

A

Should give a completely accurate result

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5
Q

Disadvantages of a census

A

Time consuming and expensive
Cannot be used when the testing process destroys the item
Hard to process large quantity of data

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6
Q

Advantages of samples

A

Less time consuming and less expensive than a census
Fewer people have to respond
Less data to process than in a census

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7
Q

Disadvantages of sampling

A

The data may not be as accurate

The sample may not be large enough to give information about small sub-groups of the population

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8
Q

What are sampling units

A

Individual units of a population

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9
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

Sampling units of a population that are individually named or numbered to form a list

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10
Q

What are the three methods of random sampling?

A

Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling

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11
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

When the sample of size ‘n’ is one where every sample of size ‘n’ has an equal chance of being selected

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12
Q

Process for random sampling

A

Acquire a sample frame - usually a list of people or things
Allocate each person or thing a unique number
Choose a number at random either by a random number generator or lottery sampling

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13
Q

What is lottery sampling?

A

The members of the sampling frame could be written on tickets and placed into a ‘hat’.
The required number of tickets would then be drawn out.

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14
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

When the required elements are chosen at regular intervals from an ordered list.
E.g. for a sample of 20 from population 100,
You would take every fifth person, since 100/20 = 5
The first person to be chosen should be chosen at random, e.g. 2, 7, 12, etc.

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15
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

The population is divided into mutually exclusive strata(e.g. males and females) and a random sample is taken from each.

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16
Q

Process of stratified sampling

A

Proportion of each strata sampled should be the same.
You can use a formula to calculate the number of people you should sample from each stratum:
No. in stratum/no. in population x overall sample size

17
Q

Advantages of simple random sampling

A

Free of bias
Easy and cheap to implement for small populations and small samples
Each sampling unit has a known and equal chance of selection

18
Q

Disadvantages of simple random sampling

A

Not suitable when the population size or the sample size is large
A sampling frame is needed

19
Q

Advantages of systematic sampling

A

Simple and quick to use

Suitable for large samples and large populations

20
Q

Disadvantages of systematic sampling

A

A sampling frame is needed

It can introduce bias if the sampling frame is not random

21
Q

Advantages of stratified sampling

A

Sample accurately reflects the population structure

Guarantees proportional representation of groups within a population

22
Q

Disadvantages of stratified sampling

A

Population must be clearly classified into distinct strata
Selection within each stratum suffers from the same disadvantages as simple random sampling
- need to establish a sampling frame
- if sample size not large enough, can be inaccurate

23
Q

Two types of non-random sampling

A

Quota sampling

Opportunity sampling

24
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

Where an interviewer or researcher selects a sample that reflects the characteristics of the whole population

25
What is opportunity sampling?
Consists of taking the sample from people who are available at the time the study is carried out and who fit the criteria you are looking for
26
Advantages of quota sampling
- Allows a small sample to still be representative of the population - no sampling frame required - quick, easy, and inexpensive - allows for easy comparison between different groups within a population
27
Disadvantages of Quota Sampling
- Non random sampling can introduce bias - Population must be divided into groups, which can be costly or inaccurate - Increasing scope of study increases number of groups, which adds time and expense - Non-responses are not recorded as such
28
Advantages of opportunity sampling
- Easy to carry out | - Inexpensive
29
Disadvantages of opportunity sampling
- Unlikely to provide a representative sample | - Highly dependent on the individual researcher
30
List of places in Large Data Set
``` Camborne Heathrow Hurn Leeming Leuchars Beijing Jacksonville Perth ```
31
Units for daily maximum gust
Knots
32
Units for daily maximum relative humidity
Given as percentage of air saturation
33
Daily mean cloud cover units
Oktas
34
Daily mean visibility units
Decametres - Dm
35
Daily mean pressure units
Hectopascals - hPa