Statistics Economic evaluation

Question 1

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

Answer 1

compares a number of interventions by relating costs to a single clinical measure of effectiveness (e.g. symptom reduction, improvement in activities of daily living).

Question 2

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

Answer 2

is a technique in which all the costs and benefits of an intervention are measured in terms of money.
Which alternative has the greatest net benefit

Question 3

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Answer 3

is a special form of CEA in which health benefits / outcomes are measured in broader, more generic ways enabling comparisons between treatments for different diseases and conditions.

Multidimensional health outcomes are measured by a single preference- or utility-based index such as the QALY.

Question 4

Cost-minimisation analysis (CMA)

Answer 4

An economic evaluation in which consequences of competing interventions are the same and in which only inputs, that is, costs are taken into consideration. The aim is to decide the least costly way of achieving the same outcome.

Question 5

Combining both costs and effects, the findings of CEA are usually reported as

Answer 5

as an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER)

Question 6

ICER intervention A versus intervention B =

Answer 6

(costs A-costs B)/(effects A-effects B)

Question 7

CBA:
requires + rarely used in

Answer 7

all consequences to an intervention e.g. life-years saved, treatment SE, symptom relief, disability, pain and discomfort are allocated a monetary value
Rarely used in mental heath evaluation due to difficulty in converting benefits from mental health programmes into monetary values

Question 8

Quality-Adjusted-Life –Years (QALYs) are

Answer 8

composite measure of gains in life expectancy and health-related quality of life

Question 9

QALYs calculated/expresse using

Answer 9

Estimating the years of life remaining for a patient following a particular treatment or intervention and weighting each year with a quality-of-life score (on a 0 to 1 scale) death = 0. Can be negative in situations where he outcome is considered to be worse than death.

Question 10

QALYs calculation: incremental cost-utility ratio

Answer 10

Incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) intervention A versus intervention B= (costs A-costs B)/QALYS gained by A-QALYs gained by B)

Question 11

QALYS are useful because

Answer 11

you can compare across treatments

Question 12

Cost minisation analysis three main types of economic evaluation studies

Answer 12

Direct
Indirect
Intangible

Question 13

Direct CMA-

Answer 13

Associated directly with healthcare intervention e.g. staff time, medical supplies, cost of travel for the patient, childcare costs for the patients

Question 14

Indirect CMA

Answer 14

Incurred by the reduced productivity of the patient e.g. time off work, reduce work productivity, time spent caring for the patient by relatives

Question 15

Intangible CMA

Answer 15

those that are difficult to measure (e.g. pain or suffering on the part of the patient)