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Intro to Psychology 102 > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 steps in the Scientific Method?

A
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2
Q

True or False?

The research question is always about the sample size.

A

False

The research questions are always about the population.

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3
Q

Why do we use Inferential Statistics?

A

We are unable to test our whole population or do the same test multiple times. Inferential Statistics (P Value) allows us to determine the probability of an effect on a population without testing the whole lot.

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4
Q

What are examples of a nominal set of data?

A
  1. Gender
  2. Hair colour

Characteristics

  1. Must be unordered - not higher or valued more than any other
  2. Must be categorical - distinct groups
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5
Q

What are examples of an ordinal set of data?

A
  1. Level of education - High school, tafe, uni
  2. Karate levels - White, brown, blue etc.

Characteristics

  1. Ordered categories
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6
Q

What are examples of an interval set of data?

A
  1. IQ results

Characteristics

  1. No meaningful 0 point
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7
Q

What are examples of a ratio set of data?

A
  1. Age - 1, 2 , etc

Characteristics

  1. Has an absolute 0
  2. Must be numerical
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8
Q

What is the difference between a univariate and a bivariate summary?

A

Univaritate - One variable

Bivariate - Comparing two variables.

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9
Q

What is a qualitative variable?

A

It is categorical (written)

e.g. hair colour, type of pet etc.

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10
Q

What is a quantitative variable?

A

It is a numeric variable

e.g. age, height, weight etc.

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11
Q

What does this picture represent?

A

It shows sampling variability.

There will be variability across samples. BUT if we take the average of all these scores, it will be a representation of our population

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12
Q

If your p-value is 0.8, would you reject the H0?

A

Yes, the further away from 0.05, reduces the likelihood that H1 is supported

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13
Q

What are the five steps to testing a hypothesis using a computer program?

A
  1. Decide on alpha
  2. Calculate test statistic
  3. Calculate p-value from test statistic
  4. Compare p-value with the alpha level
  5. If the p-value is:
    1. Less than 0.05 (alpha) reject H0
    2. Greater than 0.05 (alpha) don’t reject H0
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14
Q

What are the 6 types of statistical tests we have learnt?

A
  1. 1-sample t-test
  2. Independent samples t-test
  3. Paired samples t-test
  4. Pearson’s correlation
  5. Chi-squared goodness of fit test
  6. Chi-squared test of independence
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15
Q

If you have one numeric variable and you are comparing the mean of this variable to another known mean, what statistical test would you conduct?

A

One-sample t-test

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16
Q

If you have one categorical variable and you are comparing the proportions of this variable to known proportions, what statistical test would you conduct?

A

Chi-square goodness of fit test

17
Q

If you have two numeric variables and you are testing the strength of a linear relationship, what statistical test would you conduct?

A

Pearson’s correlation

18
Q

If you have one numeric and one categorical variable and comparing the mean score between two independent groups, what statistical test would you conduct?

A

Independent samples t-test

19
Q

If you have one numeric and one categorical variable and comparing the mean score between two related ​groups, what statistical test would you conduct?

A

Paired t-test

20
Q

If you have two categorical variables and comparing categories of one variable across categories of another variable, what statistical test would you conduct?

A

Chi-square test of independence

21
Q

What number shows that the effect size remains unchanged?

a) d=0.2
b) d=0.08
c) d=0.6
d) d=0.05

A

a) d=0.2

22
Q

A psychologist is interested in the effect of high-sugar snacks on children’s attention at school. She hypothesises that students who eat high-sugar snacks will be less attentive after the break than students who eat healthy snacks.

Which of the following is the null hypothesis?

Select one:

a. students’ degree of attention will influence their subsequent snack choice
b. students who eat high-sugar snacks will be less attentive after the break than students who eat healthy snacks
c. students who eat high-sugar snacks will be no more or less attentive after the break than students who eat healthy snacks
d. students’ attention will differ between those who eat high-sugar snacks and those who eat healthy snacks

A

C

The correct answer is: students who eat high-sugar snacks will be no more or less attentive after the break than students who eat healthy snacks

23
Q

researcher was interested in the effects of gender on attitudes about gun control. The researcher surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of whom were men and 12 of whom were women. In this example, what is the INDEPENDENT variable?

Select one:

a. The 12 men in the study
b. Participants’ attitudes about gun control
c. The 12 women in the study
d. The gender of participants

A

D

The correct answer is: The gender of participants

24
Q

True or False: Parameters are numeric summaries of the SAMPLE.

A

False

25
Q

A researcher is interested in the relationship between individuals’ personality and their level of attachment to their pets. She finds 10 pet owners and administers a survey, which asks them to report on their personality (specifically, degree of extraversion) and dimensions of their love for their pet.

In this example, an example of a variable is:

Select one:

a. The researcher
b. The individual pet owners
c. Their level of extraversion
d. The data collected (survey responses)

A

C

The correct answer is: Their level of extraversion

26
Q

In a taste test challenge, tasters try to identify different types of coffee under “blind” conditions, where they can’t see the products. Tasters are given one type of coffee (from the following options: regular latte, decaf latte, mocha, or a dirty chai) to try. They then have to select which drink they think they received.

How many levels are there to the independent variable?

Select one:

a. 2
b. 1
c. 3
d. 4

A

D

4

27
Q

You want to assign a label to variable t1. Which of the following highlighted sections of the Stata interface would we do this in?

Select one:

a. Box C
b. Box D
c. Box B
d. Box A

A

The correct answer is: Box D

28
Q

I want to type some syntax (code) directly into Stata to produce a summary table of the variables. Which of the following highlighted sections of the Stata interface would I do this in?

Select one:

a. ‘Command’
b. ‘Variables’
c. ‘Properties’
d. ‘Review’

A

The correct answer is: ‘Command’

29
Q

Consider the following statement about string-type variables in Stata.

True or false: All data should be entered into the data sheet as string-type variables

Select one:

True

False

A

False

30
Q

The statement “There is some difference in test scores between the two groups” is most representative of which of the following?

Select one:

a. Alternate hypothesis
b. Research question
c. Research hypothesis
d. Null hypothes

A

The correct answer is: Alternate hypothesis

31
Q

A z-score of 0 represents:

Select one:

a. This score is below the mean
b. There is no score
c. This score is above the mean
d. This score is equal to the mean

A

The correct answer is: This score is equal to the mean

32
Q

After running a statistical test, the researcher makes a conclusion to not reject the null hypothesis. Given that, which of the following is correct?

Select one:

a. This proves the null hypothesis is true
b. This proves the alternate hypothesis is true
c. This proves the theory that she is testing is incorrect
d. This means there is no support for the alternate hypothesis

A

The correct answer is: This means there is no support for the alternate hypothesis

33
Q

A type 2 error is:

Select one:

a. Rejecting the research hypothesis when we should not reject it
b. Concluding that the sample does not reflect the population
c. Rejecting the null hypothesis when we should not reject it
d. Not rejecting the null hypothesis when we should reject it

A

The correct answer is: Not rejecting the null hypothesis when we should reject it

34
Q

A researcher has collected health data from a random sample of Australian adults. She wants to compare the average IQ to existing (known) information on the average (mean) IQ of adolescents from the USA, to see whether the population of Australian adolescents are more intelligent, on average, compared to the population of USA adolescents. Which of the below is the most appropriate method to use to address this question?

Select one:

a. Calculate the median Australian IQ from the sample and see if it is numerically smaller than the average USA IQ
b. An independent samples t-test
c. Calculate the mean Australian IQ from the sample and see if it is numerically smaller than the average USA IQ
d. A one-sample t-test

A

The correct answer is: A one-sample t-test

35
Q

Generally speaking, the larger the obtained t statistic:

Select one:

a. The larger the critical t statistic
b. The smaller the critical t statistic
c. The larger the p-value
d. The smaller the p-value

A

The correct answer is: The smaller the p-value

36
Q

A decision to reject H0 (the null hypothesis) can be interpreted as:

Select one:

a. The probability of obtaining the test statistic is less than .05
b. The sample is statistically not significantly different from the population
c. The proportion of the sample equals the mean of the sample
d. The probability of obtaining the test statistic is greater than .05

A

The correct answer is: The probability of obtaining the test statistic is less than .05

37
Q

Have a look at the output below. A p-value of p = .0127 (found in the middle down the bottom of the screenshot) corresponds with which type of alternate hypothesis?

Select one:

a. a non-directional alternate hypothesis
b. either directional or non-directional
c. neither directional or non-directional
d. a directional alternate hypothesis

A

Intro to Psychology 102 (8 decks)

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