Statistics Flashcards
95 percent of all scores are within how many Standard deviation ?
2 SD of the mean
A retrospective study that looks for the odds of a previous exposure on the development of a “ rare disease manifestation “ refers to ????
Case control studies
If you DO have a negative TEST, what is the likelihood that you DON’T have the disease ?
This question responds to the concept of ??
Negative predictive value
TP + TN divided by TP + FP + FN + TN ( this formula refers to ? )
Accuracy
Which number is the mode : 1-2-3-4-8-8-8-20-100
8 because is the most freq measurement
Gives an indication of how precise a given collection of data is
“ this refers to the concept of ??”
Confidence intervals
Fill the blank
The lesser the prevalence of a disease, the greater the —
NPV ( negative predictive value)
In descriptive statistics when given a set of data points, the most frequently appearing measurement is called ??
Mode
The data point half way between the highest and the lowest in the collection of measurements is called
median
The smaller the SEM, the more
( blank ) the data is
Fill the blank
Precise
Mention the type of error
“ Saying a drug or a test helps or makes a difference when it really doesn’t “
Type l error ( alpha error ) ( false positive like you know who )
Mention the type of error
“ Rejecting the null hypothesis when it really is true “
Type l ( alpha error ) ( false positive like you know who )
The following example is a type of data gathering called …?
Glucose is in milligrams PER deciliter
Heart rate is beats PER minutes
Ratio
The following formula refers to ??
a / a+ b divided by c / c+ d
RR ( relative risk )
(Blank blank ) looks at the risk of a disease based on who was exposed to a potential danger in the past . Belongs to cohort studies. Fill the blank !!
Relative risk ( starts with the risks, then looks for the disease ) . Starts with an asymptomatic group and calculates the comparative risk of developing a disease either with the exposure or without it
The following set of data points is skewed to the ?
1-2-3-4-8-8-8-20-100
Right
Because the single outlier 100 extends the “range” of the data set to the right
Mention the type of error
“ Rejecting the alternative hypothesis when it’s actually true “
Type ll error or beta error ( false negative ) . Lazy investigator who agrees with the null hypothesis because he is too lazy to work
For step 2 CK with a mean of 240 and SD of 18, getting a 254 on the exam gives you a Z- score of ….?
+ 0.78 ( because 14/18 = 0.78 ) . Notice that the SD is 18 but you only got 14 points above SD so you must divide
All the people with a disease should have a positive test if the test is …..?
Sensitive
Berkson bias is solved by ??
Random selection
Mention the type of error
“ Saying there is no statistically significant difference in the data when there really is “
Type ll error or beta error ( false negative) . Lazy investigator who agrees with the null hypothesis because he is too lazy to work
The 3 studies that assess various groups are called ?
1- ANOVA
2- T-test
3- Chi- Square
What test answer the question : “Are the means between these groups different ?”
T-test does
Select the median : 1-2-3-4-8-8-8-20-100 . Explain why ?
8 (because is the fifth of the 9 data points which is exactly in the middle )
The following statement is an example of ??
“ there is no greater difference between the new drug and placebo than would occur by random chance “
Null hypothesis
Starts with people with the “disease” and then looks backward at other groups that are otherwise matched to assess for risk of exposure
Refers to ???????
Case control studies
In diabetic people if you plot : the rate of weight loss , exercise and glucose control against the rate of new end-organ damage . The result will be —
A strong inverse or negative correlation ( -1 )
Is the following set of data points normally distributed ?
1-2-3-4-8-8-8-20-100
This is skewed to the ……?
No it is not because 7 out of 9 data points are under 10. It is skewed to the right. It is skewed positively towards 100
REMEMBER that skewed to the right is when the tail of the bell goes to the right
Mention the type of error
“Saying the drug doesn’t work when it really does “
Type ll error ( beta error ) ( false negative )
Put an example of “ incidence “ being part of disease frequency as a ratio in the population
Ex : there is one new case of multiple sclerosis for every 1000 people in the population EVERY YEAR
The rate and which new disease occur measured in the number of cases PER Unit of time is called ?
Incidence ( 20 new diabetics per week )
The likelihood that a test will detect all people with a disease responds to ??
Sensitivity
Say yes or no
“ medical therapies that lower mortality change the incidence of the disease “ ?
NO ! Rather, when there is less disease mortality, patients with a disease live longer and thus increase the prevalence
The more centralized ( not spread ) are the data gathered, the ( blank ) is the precision
Greater
Fill the blank
Sensitivity and Specificity start with the ( blank)
Disease ( if you have the disease, what is the likelihood you have a positive or a negative test ?)
In descriptive statistics, which is better in the assessment of grouping data points (between the mean and the median )
the median because in the following example : 1-2-3-4-8-8-8-20-100 / the mean is 17 but the median is 8 . This shows that the median is a way of correcting for outliers. In this case 100 is an outlier
If we are studying a new medication what would be the null hypothesis ?
What we must do with that null hypothesis?
The null hypothesis is that : there is no benefit of the drug
We must REJECT that null hypothesis
Odds ratio is used in the study called ?
Case control studies
When a test is described as “gold standard” because it gives the truest answer, this relates to the term …..?
Accuracy ( is equivalent to validity ) is the combination of sensitivity and specificity
When the data points cluster around one point which is the opposite to scattered or spread out , of this is known as ….?
Precision
If the mean is “ 240 “ and the SD is 18 points , you most score ( blank ) to be better than 86% of your peers
258 ( 240 + 18 ) . That is the mean of 240 plus 18 points of SD . That is 1 SD above the mean
The 2 study methods used to assess
1- different groups of data between
2- different sets of data that are in
3- MORE THAN ONE GROUP are called ?
T-test ( T-score ) and ANOVA
The most accurate type of study in biostatistics is a prospective trial called ?
RCT ( Randomized controlled trial )
The greater the scatter , the less the ( blank ) .
Fill the blank
Precision