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Behavioral Sciences > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

True positives/Total amount with disease

A

Sensitivity

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2
Q

true negative/total negative

A

Negative predictive value

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3
Q

True negatives/total disease negatives for disease

A

Specificity

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4
Q

True positives/Total positives

A

Positive predictive value

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5
Q

1/attributable risk

A

Number needed to harm (nhh)

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6
Q

A/ (A+B) - C/ (C+D)

A

Attributable risk

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7
Q

[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]

A

Relative risk

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8
Q

New cases divided by total population at risk

A

Incidence

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9
Q

Total cases divided by total population

A

Prevelance

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10
Q

What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence?

A

Prevalence = Incidence (duration)

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11
Q

High incidence, low duration. What is prevalence?

A

Prevalence is similar to incidence

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12
Q

Low incidence, high duration. What is prevalence?

A

Prevalence increased relative to incidence

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13
Q

High incidence, high duration. What is prevalence?

A

High prevalence

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14
Q

Directionality of a study design that begins with outcome

A

Backward directionality

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15
Q

Directionality of a study design that begins with exposure

A

Forward directionality

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16
Q

What are the three types of observational studies?

A

1) Cross-sectional study
2) Cohort study
3) Case control study

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17
Q

What is the directionality of 1) a cross-sectional study, 2) a cohort study, and 3) a case control study

A

1) Non-directional
2) Forward
3) Backward

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18
Q

Variation of disease occurrence among populations

A

Distribution

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19
Q

What observational study type allows for the calculation of relative risk?

A

Cohort study

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20
Q

What observational study type allows for the calculation of odds ratio?

A

Case control study

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21
Q

What observational study type allows for the determination of prevalence?

A

Cross-sectional study

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22
Q

Write out a 2x2 table used for the determination of RR or OR

A

See paper

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23
Q

What is the calculation for relative risk in a 2x2 table?

A

A/(A+B) divided by C/(C+D)

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24
Q

What does a RR of 1 mean?

A

There is no association between exposure and outcome

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25
Q

What does a RR of >1 mean?

A

The exposure increases the risk of the outcome

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26
Q

What does a RR of <1 mean?

A

The exposure decreases the risk of the outcome

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27
Q

What should a confidence interval never include within its range?

A

1) 1

2) makes it statistically insignificant

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28
Q

Measure of how likely the observed assication would be to occur by chance alone, in absence of a true association

A

p-Value

29
Q

Bias caused by a non-random assignment to participation in a study group or as a selective loss of subjects

A

Selection bias

30
Q

Bias caused by a knowledge of presence of disorder that is altered by recall from subjects; common in retrospective studies

A

Recall bias

31
Q

Bias caused by subjects not representing the general population

A

Sampling bias

32
Q

Bias caused by information being gathered at an inappropriate time

A

Late-Look Bias

33
Q

Bias cause by subjects in different groups being treated differently

A

Procedure bias

34
Q

Bias caused by the mixing of effects between the exposure, the disease, and a third unknown factor

A

Confounding bias

35
Q

Bias caused by early detection being confused with increased survival

A

Lead-time bias

36
Q

Bias that occurs when a researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment

A

Observer-expectancy effect

37
Q

Bias that occurs when the group being studied changes its behavior due to knowing they are being studied

A

Hawthorne effect

38
Q

What is the difference between an observational and an experimental study?

A

Experimental induces an exposure; observational just observes an exposure

39
Q

Where does nicotine act?

A

Binds to the VTA and nucleus accumbens

40
Q

Prevention type aimed at preventing disease or injury from occurring and reducing incidence of disease

A

Think: PDR (Prevent, Detect, Reduce)

Primary prevention

41
Q

Prevention type aimed at delaying or preventing the occurrence of full-blown or symptomatic disease by early detection

A

Think: PDR (Prevent, Detect, Reduce)

Secondary prevention

42
Q

Prevention type that is focused on limiting the extent of impairment

A

Think: PDR (Prevent, Detect, Reduce)

Tertiary prevention

43
Q

Proportion of individual screened positive by the test who actually have the disease

A

Positive Predictive Value

44
Q

Proportion of individual screened negative by the test who actually do not have the disease

A

Negative Predictive Value

45
Q

Study sample with Small number of healthy volunteers

A

Phase I

46
Q

Study sample with small number of pt. with disease of interest

A

Phase II

47
Q

Study sample with large number of pt. randomly assigned either to the treatment under investigation or to the best available treatment

A

Phase III

48
Q

Postmarketing surveillance trail of pt. after approval

A

Phase IV

49
Q

Longer tail on the right; how are mean, median, and mode related

A

1) Positive Skew

2) Mean > median > mode

50
Q

Longer tail on the left; how are mean, median, and mode related

A

1) Negative skew

2) Mode>Median>Mean

51
Q

Relative Risk Reduction

A

1 - RR = RRR

52
Q

Absolute reduction in risk associated with a treatment as compared to a control

A

Absolute risk reduction

53
Q

1/absolute risk reduction

A

Number needed to treat

54
Q

1/absolute risk

A

Number needed to harm

55
Q

Error caused by a difference that did exist

A

Type II error (beta)

Think: Beta = blind to a difference

56
Q

Error caused by a difference that did not exist

A

Type I error (alpha)

Think: alpha = you sAw a difference that did not exist

57
Q

Checks difference between the means of 2 groups

A

T test

Think: T=Two

58
Q

Tests checks differene between 2 or more percentages or proportions

A

Chi-square

59
Q

Checks difference between the means of 3 or more groups

A

ANOVA

60
Q

Determines strength of a linear correlation between two variable

A

Pearson’s correlation

61
Q

What does a phase I trial consist of? phase II? phase III? phase IV?

A

1) Small group of volunteers with no disease
2) Small group of pt. with disease of interest
3) Large group of pt. with disease that are divided by new treatment and best known available treatment
4) Postmarketing surveillance trial of pt. after trial approval

62
Q

Power (1 - beta)

A

Probability of rejecting null hypotehesis

63
Q

What increases Power (1-beta)

A

1) Increase sample size (POWER in Numbers)
2) Increase expected effect size
3) Increase precision of measurement

64
Q

When an effect on the main exposure on the outcoume is modified by the presence of another variable (aka: doing a test on a drug and separating groups into smokers/nonsmokers, and then seeing the result)

A

Effect modification

65
Q

Tendency of a study population to affect an outcome due to knowledge of being studied

A

Hawthorne effect

66
Q

Selection bias created by selecting hospitalized patients as the control group

A

Berkson’s bias

67
Q

Researcher’s beliefs in the efficacy of a drug that can potentially affect the outcome

A

Pygmalion effect

68
Q

Likelihood ratio of 2, 5, and 10 = what % probability of disease

A

1) 15%
2) 30%
3) 45%

Behavioral Sciences (3 decks)

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