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Maths > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a census?

A

A way of collecting data from an entire population

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2
Q

What is a sample?

A

a small part or quantity intended to represent the whole population

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3
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

a list of items or people forming a population from which a sample is taken

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4
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

Where every possible sample of given size is equally likely to be selected

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5
Q

Give an example of how you could carry out simple random sampling

A

pulling names out of a hat, using a random number generator

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6
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

where the target population is divided into naturally occurring subgroups - a sample of the clusters is then taken

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7
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

where each individual of the sampling frame is allocated a number and then one number is chosen at random (as a starting position) and the rest of the sample is systematically chosen at a set interval apart

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8
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

where the target population is divided into groups based on some characteristic - these groups are called strata; within each group (stratum), a probability sample is selected

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9
Q

What is proportional stratified sampling?

A

where the frequencies for each group in the sample are proportional to the frequencies for each group in the target population

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10
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

when the target population is split into strata and then a judgement is used to select the members from each group

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11
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

where people who are available at the time and willing to take part are used

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12
Q

What is self-selecting sampling?

A

when the individuals in the sample have chosen to be in the sample

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13
Q

What are some advantages of simple random sampling?

A
  • representative if the sampling frame is available
  • can be quick and easy to use
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14
Q

What are some disadvantages of simple random sampling?

A
  • not possible without a sampling frame
  • potentially time consuming, disruptive and expensive
  • there may be missing values in the sample
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15
Q

What are some advantages of cluster sampling?

A
  • convenient
  • does not need a sampling frame for the population
  • samples from different areas
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16
Q

What are some disadvantages of cluster sampling?

A
  • non-random
  • may be overlap in the clusters
17
Q

What are some advantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • representative if the sampling frame is available
  • can be quick and easy to use
18
Q

What are some disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • not possible without a sampling frame
  • if the sampling technique coincides with a periodic trait in the population, the sampling technique will no longer be random or representative - this would introduce bias
  • there may be missing values in the sample
19
Q

What are some advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • representative if the sampling frame is available
  • the frequencies for each group in the sample can be proportional to the frequencies for each group in the population
20
Q

What are some disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • not possible without a sampling frame
  • strata must be carefully defined
  • sometimes difficult to split the population into naturally occurring groups
  • there may be missing values in the sample
21
Q

What are some advantages for quota sampling?

A
  • does not need a sampling frame
  • the frequencies for each group in the sample can be proportional to the frequencies for each group in the population
22
Q

What are some disadvantages of quota sampling?

A
  • non-random
  • may not be representative of the target population and could be biased
23
Q

What are some advantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  • quick and easy
  • convenient
24
Q

What are some disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  • non-random
  • may not be representative of the target population and could be biased
25
Q

What are some advantages of self-selecting sampling?

A
  • quick and easy
  • convenient
26
Q

What are some disadvantages of self-selecting sampling?

A
  • non-random
  • may not be representative of the target population and could be biased

Maths (2 decks)

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