STATISTICS

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deals with the collection, presentation, decisions

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statistics

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branches of statistics

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descriptive statistics
inferential statistics

Question 3

concerned with describing the characteristics and properties

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descriptive statistics

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draws inferences about a population based on the data gathered from the samples.

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inferential statistics

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the totality of all observations from which the dataset is acquired.

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population

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small group taken from the population

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sample

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a group heterogenous as possible taken from the large group to represent the population

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sample

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variable that describes population

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parameter

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variable that describe sample

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statistic

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are the parameters being studied in statistics

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variables

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2 types of variables

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qualitative variables
quantitative variables

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also known as categorical data which are commonly answered by non numeric data usually qualitative in form.

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qualitative variables

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also known as numerical data which are information and observations that are countable or measurable quantities.

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quantitative variables

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2 categories of quantitative

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continuous data
discrete data

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measurable quantities. Have infinite values between intervals.

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continuous data

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data that have been measured by analog devices and have infinite values based on interpolations.

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continuous data

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countable quantities. Have infinite equal intervals.

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discrete data

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data that have been measure by digital measuring device that tends to have exact values.

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discrete data

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a naturally occurring phenomenon that can be altered by increasing or decreasing its magnitude.

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independent variable

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a variable that is observed upon application of the changes applied to the independent variable.

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dependent variable

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kept constant to check for the external effects of the dependent to the independent variable.

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controlled variable

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would have minimal effect to the result of the dependent variable to the independent variable.

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extraneous variable

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assigning numerical to categorical data

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nominal

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assigning rank to the levels of data

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ordinal data

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assigning a constant difference between numeric data.

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interval

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assigning continuous range of data over a range.

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ratio

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is the process of taking samples from the population.

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sampling

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this eliminates the biases against certain event that has no chance to be selected by listing all the possible events ad taking a chance that they will be selected to be part of the sample.

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probability sampling

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this type of sampling technique has certain or has no chance of an individual of being selected to be part of the sample.

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non-probability sampling

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performed by arranging the population according to a certain rule

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simple random sampling

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done by arranging the population in accordance to a certain order

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systematic sampling

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done by grouping the population into strata

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stratified sampling

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homogeneous subpopulations

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strata

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heterogenous subpopulation

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clusters

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done by identifying groups

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cluster sampling

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based primarily on the availability of the respondents

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convenience sampling

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the sample is obtained based on a certain premise

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purposive sampling

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4 scales of measurement

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nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio