statistics

Question 1

what is the P-value

Answer 1

0.05

Question 2

what is the mean

Answer 2

• it’s the average
• all values added together and divided by the number of values.

Question 3

what is the median

Answer 3

• the middle value
• if there’s no middle value then add the 2 middle numbers and divide it by 2

Question 4

what is the mode

Answer 4

• the most common value (most frequent).

Question 5

what’s the inter participant variable

Answer 5

how much the participants differ from each other

Question 6

state the different ways of measuring variation

Answer 6

• standard deviation
• 95% confidence interval
• range
• standard error

Question 7

what is standard deviation

Answer 7

estimate of average variability (spread) of data

Question 8

what is the 95% confidence interval

Answer 8

range of values around the statistics

Question 9

what is the range

Answer 9

range is the difference between the largest and smallest value

Question 10

what is standard error

Answer 10

the standard deviation (spread) of the sampling distribution of given statistics

Question 11

what is hypothesis

Answer 11

• idea proposed so can be tested to see if true
• one variable will be due to another variable

Question 12

what is the null hypothesis

Answer 12

• no difference between
• not due to something

Question 13

what does the p in p-value mean

Answer 13

the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis

Question 14

what is the significant p-value

Answer 14

P<0.05

Question 15

what is normal distribution

Answer 15

• used for quantitative data
• helps us decide which statistical test to use when analysing data

Question 16

what statistical tests are used when data is normally distributed

Answer 16

kolmogrov-smirnov and shapiro-wilk test

Question 17

how do we know when data is normally distributed (refer to p-value)

Answer 17

the p-value is more than 0.05 (p>0.05)

Question 18

how do we know when data is not normally distributed (refer to p-value)

Answer 18

p-value is less than 0.05 (p<0.05)

Question 18

are parametric tests are used when data is normally distributed or not normally distributed

Answer 18

normally distributed

Question 19

are non parametric tests used when data is normally distributed or not normally distributed

Answer 19

not normally distributed

Question 20

what is type 1 error

Answer 20

when we believe there’s an effect when tjere isn’t. (think results are significant when they’re not)

Question 21

what is type 2 error

Answer 21

when we believe there isn’t an effect when there is. (think results are not significant when they are)

Question 22

what type of hypothesis do we use for a two-tailed test

Answer 22

non-directional hypothesis

Question 23

what type of hypothesis do we use for a one-tailed test

Answer 23

a directional hypothesis

Question 24

what is independent data

Answer 24

when we compare participants from different groups

Question 25

what is dependent data

Answer 25

when we compare ppts from the same group

Question 26

what are the two types of t-tests

Answer 26

* independent t-test * dependent t-test

Question 27

when do we use an independent t-test

Answer 27

when data is independent from each other (diff groups)

Question 28

when do we use a dependent t-test

Answer 28

when data is dependent on each other (same groups)

Question 29

what is the Levene's test for equality of variances

Answer 29

it sees if groups are similar

Question 30

which p-value do you choose if the Levene' test for equality of variances is significant

Answer 30

the bottom row p-value

Question 31

what is t=t-statistic

Answer 31

this measures the size of the difference relative to the variation in the sample data

Question 32

what does it mean if you have a greater size of t in t=t-statistic

Answer 32

it means the greater evidence against the null hypothesis

Question 33

what is degrees of freedom (DF)

Answer 33

its the number of ppts - the number of groups

Question 34

what are anovas

Answer 34

they tell us if there's a difference between groups

Question 35

when do we use anovas

Answer 35

if we have more than three groups

Question 36

what are the different types of anovas

Answer 36

* one-way anova * factorial anovas * repeated measures anova

Question 37

what is a one-way anova

Answer 37

it's used if we have one parameter (1 independent variable)

Question 38

do we carry post hoc tests for anovas

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

what is a post hoc test

Answer 39

used to compare each group to each other to see if there are any differences between them

Question 40

why are post hoc tests needed

Answer 40

they're needed as anovas can't tell the difference between groups

Question 41

what are factorial anovas

Answer 41

they are used to analyse data when there's 2 or more independent variables

Question 42

name the different types of factorial anovas

Answer 42

* independent factorial design * repeated measures factorial design * mixed design

Question 43

what is an independent factorial design

Answer 43

it's when there's lots of independent variables which have been measured by different ppts

Question 44

what is a repeated measures factorial design

Answer 44

it's when there's lots of independent variables which have been measured by the same ppts

Question 45

what is a mixed design

Answer 45

when there's lots of independent variables but some involving the same and some different ppts

Question 46

what are repeated measures anovas

Answer 46

when the same ppt are used for all the conditions of the experiment

Question 47

what is sphericity

Answer 47

is when we assume the relationship between the pairs of conditions is similar

Question 48

what is the mauchly's test

Answer 48

it's a test for departure from sphericity

Question 49

what does if mean if the mauchly's test is significant

Answer 49

then there's differences between variances of differences and sphericity is not met

Question 50

what does it mean if the mauchly's test isn't significant

Answer 50

then the variances of differences are roughly equal so sphericity is met

Question 51

what is the greenhouse-geisser correction

Answer 51

it's an estimate of the departure from sphericity and a correction can be applied if sphericity is violated

Question 52

what are ancovas

Answer 52

they compare lots of means from different groups 1 can have an effect on the other

Question 53

what are examples of covariates

Answer 53

age, body mass, time since injury/diagnosis

Question 54

what is a correlation

Answer 54

it's a relationship between two variables

Question 55

what is a positive correlation

Answer 55

when one variable increases so does the other

Question 56

what is a negative correlation

Answer 56

when one variable increases the other variable decreases

Question 57

when is pearson's test used

Answer 57

when the data is normally distributed (parametric data)

Question 58

when is spearman's test used

Answer 58

when the data is not normally distributed (non-parametric data)

Question 59

what is the correlation coefficient score between

Answer 59

+1 and -1

Question 60

what score is a perfect positive correlation

Answer 60

+1

Question 61

what score is a perfect negative correlation

Answer 61

-1

Question 62

what score is no relationship

Answer 62

0

Question 63

what are the r values for poor correlation

Answer 63

0.0-0.3

Question 64

what are the r values for low correlation

Answer 64

0.3-0.5

Question 65

what are the r values for moderate correlation

Answer 65

0.5-0.7

Question 66

what are the r values for strong correlation

Answer 66

0.7-0.9

Question 67

what are the r values for very strong correlation

Answer 67

0.9-1

Question 68

when can the kendall tall b test be used

Answer 68

for not normally distributed data that are small datasets

Question 69

what is a mann whitney u test

Answer 69

a non-parametric test for determining the relationship between two variables

Question 70

What is regression

Answer 70

When we use variables to predict another variable

Question 71

What are the types of regression

Answer 71

Simple, multiple and binary logistic regression

Question 72

What is simple regression

Answer 72

When we predict an outcome from one predictor variable

Question 73

What is multiple regression

Answer 73

When we predict an outcome from several predictor variables

Question 74

What is binary logistic regression

Answer 74

When we predict a categorical outcome from several types of predictor variables