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Research And Employability Skills > statistics > Flashcards

statistics Flashcards

1
Q

what is the P-value

A

0.05

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2
Q

what is the mean

A
  • it’s the average
  • all values added together and divided by the number of values.
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3
Q

what is the median

A
  • the middle value
  • if there’s no middle value then add the 2 middle numbers and divide it by 2
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4
Q

what is the mode

A
  • the most common value (most frequent).
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5
Q

what’s the inter participant variable

A

how much the participants differ from each other

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6
Q

state the different ways of measuring variation

A
  • standard deviation
  • 95% confidence interval
  • range
  • standard error
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7
Q

what is standard deviation

A

estimate of average variability (spread) of data

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8
Q

what is the 95% confidence interval

A

range of values around the statistics

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9
Q

what is the range

A

range is the difference between the largest and smallest value

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10
Q

what is standard error

A

the standard deviation (spread) of the sampling distribution of given statistics

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11
Q

what is hypothesis

A
  • idea proposed so can be tested to see if true
  • one variable will be due to another variable
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12
Q

what is the null hypothesis

A
  • no difference between
  • not due to something
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13
Q

what does the p in p-value mean

A

the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis

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14
Q

what is the significant p-value

A

P<0.05

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15
Q

what is normal distribution

A
  • used for quantitative data
  • helps us decide which statistical test to use when analysing data
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16
Q

what statistical tests are used when data is normally distributed

A

kolmogrov-smirnov and shapiro-wilk test

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17
Q

how do we know when data is normally distributed (refer to p-value)

A

the p-value is more than 0.05 (p>0.05)

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18
Q

how do we know when data is not normally distributed (refer to p-value)

A

p-value is less than 0.05 (p<0.05)

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18
Q

are parametric tests are used when data is normally distributed or not normally distributed

A

normally distributed

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19
Q

are non parametric tests used when data is normally distributed or not normally distributed

A

not normally distributed

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20
Q

what is type 1 error

A

when we believe there’s an effect when tjere isn’t. (think results are significant when they’re not)

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21
Q

what is type 2 error

A

when we believe there isn’t an effect when there is. (think results are not significant when they are)

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22
Q

what type of hypothesis do we use for a two-tailed test

A

non-directional hypothesis

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23
Q

what type of hypothesis do we use for a one-tailed test

A

a directional hypothesis

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24
Q

what is independent data

A

when we compare participants from different groups

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25
Q

what is dependent data

A

when we compare ppts from the same group

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26
Q

what are the two types of t-tests

A
  • independent t-test
  • dependent t-test
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27
Q

when do we use an independent t-test

A

when data is independent from each other (diff groups)

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28
Q

when do we use a dependent t-test

A

when data is dependent on each other (same groups)

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29
Q

what is the Levene’s test for equality of variances

A

it sees if groups are similar

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30
Q

which p-value do you choose if the Levene’ test for equality of variances is significant

A

the bottom row p-value

31
Q

what is t=t-statistic

A

this measures the size of the difference relative to the variation in the sample data

32
Q

what does it mean if you have a greater size of t in t=t-statistic

A

it means the greater evidence against the null hypothesis

33
Q

what is degrees of freedom (DF)

A

its the number of ppts - the number of groups

34
Q

what are anovas

A

they tell us if there’s a difference between groups

35
Q

when do we use anovas

A

if we have more than three groups

36
Q

what are the different types of anovas

A
  • one-way anova
  • factorial anovas
  • repeated measures anova
37
Q

what is a one-way anova

A

it’s used if we have one parameter (1 independent variable)

38
Q

do we carry post hoc tests for anovas

A

yes

39
Q

what is a post hoc test

A

used to compare each group to each other to see if there are any differences between them

40
Q

why are post hoc tests needed

A

they’re needed as anovas can’t tell the difference between groups

41
Q

what are factorial anovas

A

they are used to analyse data when there’s 2 or more independent variables

42
Q

name the different types of factorial anovas

A
  • independent factorial design
  • repeated measures factorial design
  • mixed design
43
Q

what is an independent factorial design

A

it’s when there’s lots of independent variables which have been measured by different ppts

44
Q

what is a repeated measures factorial design

A

it’s when there’s lots of independent variables which have been measured by the same ppts

45
Q

what is a mixed design

A

when there’s lots of independent variables but some involving the same and some different ppts

46
Q

what are repeated measures anovas

A

when the same ppt are used for all the conditions of the experiment

47
Q

what is sphericity

A

is when we assume the relationship between the pairs of conditions is similar

48
Q

what is the mauchly’s test

A

it’s a test for departure from sphericity

49
Q

what does if mean if the mauchly’s test is significant

A

then there’s differences between variances of differences and sphericity is not met

50
Q

what does it mean if the mauchly’s test isn’t significant

A

then the variances of differences are roughly equal so sphericity is met

51
Q

what is the greenhouse-geisser correction

A

it’s an estimate of the departure from sphericity and a correction can be applied if sphericity is violated

52
Q

what are ancovas

A

they compare lots of means from different groups 1 can have an effect on the other

53
Q

what are examples of covariates

A

age, body mass, time since injury/diagnosis

54
Q

what is a correlation

A

it’s a relationship between two variables

55
Q

what is a positive correlation

A

when one variable increases so does the other

56
Q

what is a negative correlation

A

when one variable increases the other variable decreases

57
Q

when is pearson’s test used

A

when the data is normally distributed (parametric data)

58
Q

when is spearman’s test used

A

when the data is not normally distributed (non-parametric data)

59
Q

what is the correlation coefficient score between

A

+1 and -1

60
Q

what score is a perfect positive correlation

A

+1

61
Q

what score is a perfect negative correlation

A

-1

62
Q

what score is no relationship

A

0

63
Q

what are the r values for poor correlation

A

0.0-0.3

64
Q

what are the r values for low correlation

A

0.3-0.5

65
Q

what are the r values for moderate correlation

A

0.5-0.7

66
Q

what are the r values for strong correlation

A

0.7-0.9

67
Q

what are the r values for very strong correlation

A

0.9-1

68
Q

when can the kendall tall b test be used

A

for not normally distributed data that are small datasets

69
Q

what is a mann whitney u test

A

a non-parametric test for determining the relationship between two variables

70
Q

What is regression

A

When we use variables to predict another variable

71
Q

What are the types of regression

A

Simple, multiple and binary logistic regression

72
Q

What is simple regression

A

When we predict an outcome from one predictor variable

73
Q

What is multiple regression

A

When we predict an outcome from several predictor variables

74
Q

What is binary logistic regression

A

When we predict a categorical outcome from several types of predictor variables

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