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PM2A Autumn Amy L > Statistics 1 > Flashcards

Statistics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are clinical trials?

A

Experiment, set up

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2
Q

What are epidemiological trials?

A

Observational, natural variables

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3
Q

Define: Population (μ)

A

Entire collection of units, items or individuals under investigation

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4
Q

Define: Sample

A

Subset of population which we use to collect information

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5
Q

Define: Variable

A

Any characteristic or attribute which may vary from 1 unit of the population to another

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6
Q

Define: Observation

A

A value that a variable has been found to have on a particular individual unit

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7
Q

What do rows and columns represent in spreadsheets?

A

Row represents a unit

Column represents a variable

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8
Q

Define: Accuracy

A

Correct conclusion

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9
Q

Define: Precision

A

Confidence in conclusion

Small errors/variability bewteen observations

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10
Q

What 2 things define precision

A 
Repeatability = can the experiment and measurements (results) be repeated by the same person
Reproducibility = can another person reproduce the measurements (results) by the 1st person
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of error?

A

Sampling errors

Non-sampling errors

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12
Q

Explain sampling errors

A

= Error in the estimate of some population characteristic - have to extrapolate
Small standard error = high precision but not necessarily high accuracy

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13
Q

What are non-sampling errors?

A

Mistakes

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14
Q

What are non-response errors?

A

Non-sampling error

Failure to obtain information from a sampling unit e.g. age

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15
Q

What are measurement errors?

A

Non-sampling error

For some reason the recorded response differs from the true value

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16
Q

What are data-handling errors?

A

Non-sampling error

Errors associated with the transcribing of data across mediums of storage

17
Q

How can non-sampling errors be avoided/minimised?

A

By good study design

18
Q

Name the 2 types of variable

A

Qualitative variable = characteristics

Quantitative variable = numerical

19
Q

Explain what is meant by qualitative variable

A

Finite number of levels e.g. M/F, employed/unemployed

Levels have assigned numbers

20
Q

Name 2 branches of qualitative variables

A

Ordinal

Nominal

21
Q

What is a ordinal variable?

A

Variables have a natural ordering
e.g. BP = low/normal/high
Coding of levels are in an order

22
Q

What is a nominal variable?

A

Variables have no natural ordering
e.g. blood group = O, A, B, AB
Variables do not have to be written in a specific order

23
Q

Name the 2 branches of quantitative variables

A

Discrete

Continuous

24
Q

What is a discrete variable?

A

Variable has upper and lower limits
Only a certain number of possible variables
Doesn’t have to be an integer

25
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

Unlimited number of possible variables

Could be measured to any number of decimal place

PM2A Autumn Amy L (7 decks)

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