station 1-25 Flashcards
Station 1
Picture of mitosis
Tell me what phase
What happens in that phase
REFER TO PICTURE ON PRINTED SHEET
Prophase - Chromatin strands become tighter. Strands join together, called chromosomes. Centrioles move to opposite ends. Spindle fibers guide chromosomes and Stretch across the cell from centriole to centriole. Nuclear Membrane disappears.
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle. Spinder fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere. Spindle fibers pull chromosome into a line.
Anaphase - 2 exact copies of sister chromatids within each chromosome are pulled apart by spindle fibers. Centromeres are pulled apart making the sister chromatids separate to opposite ends.
Telophase - Chromatids reach the poles. Chromosomes stretch out again called chromatin again. Spindle fibers and centrioles disappear. Nuclear membrane reforms, and nucleolus forms inside each nucleus.
Station 2
Picture of a cell
Either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Label it
REFER TO PICTURE ON PRINTED SHEET
Prokaryotic cell - most ancient, no membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic cell - larger, complex, membrane-bound nucleus.
Station 3
Vestigial structures
Structures that are a reduced version or non-functional version that was functional in the organism’s ancestors. (ex. male nipple, wisdom teeth, body hair)
Station 4
Photosynthesis
FORMULA:
Energy + CO2 + H2O —–> O2 + C6H1202
- Occurs in the leaf in the palisade cells in the chloroplast (organelle)
Station 5
Naming bacteria (like the test, shape and aggregation)
Aggregations
Strepto - chain
Mono - single
Diplo - two
Staphlyo - clumped
Shape
Cocci/Coccus - round
Bacilli/Bacillus - rod
Spirilla/Spirillum - spiral
Station 7
Different types of digestion
Mechanical: Physical breakdown of food ex. chewing, stomach churning. Breakdown to smaller pieces with a larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes.
Chemical: Hydrolysis of large molecules into smaller, usable molecules using enzymes in chemical reactions. Mouth (carbs) by amylase, stomach (protein) and small intestine (carbs, protein and lipids).
Station 8
Virus
- Virus attacks bacteria
- Nonliving
- Lysogenic (host symptoms are dormant for long time)
- Lytic (host symptoms are immediate)
- Can’t kill with antibiotics as they can only kill living things
- Small molecular particles that do not embody most of the characteristics of living things.
- Can exist only as intercellular parasites.
Station 10
Labeling structures and function of a leaf cross section
Vein (Vascular bundle) - Transports water, contains xylem and phloem.
Stomata - Pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange, including water vapor. Found on the underside of the leaf.
Guard cells - Occur in pairs around stomata, regulate opening and closing of stomata.
Upper epidermis - Top part of leaf surface, transparent so light can penetrate.
Lower epidermis - Lower part of the leaf, contains lots of stomata.
Palisade mesophyll - Tightly packed parenchyma cells, rich in chloroplasts, photosynthesis occurs here, found beneath upper epidermis.
Spongy mesophyll - Irregularly shaped parenchyma cells, lots of air spaces between allows O2, CO2, and H2O to move around, found beneath palisade cells.
Cuticle - Waxy layer on upper epidermis, prevents water loss.
Station 11
Different dominance
Co-dominance: Both alleles will be expressed in heterozygous situation. (see both black and white)
Complete dominance: One allele dominates over the other in heterozygous situation.
Incomplete dominance: Intermediate allele is expressed in heterozygous situation. (grey) (black and white mixed)
Station 13
Symmetry
Radial - a body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves.
Bilateral - a body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves.
Station 14
Monocot vs Dicot
Monocot stem - Vascular bundle (Vein) are randomly scattered.
Monocot root - Vascular bundle (Vein) are around the center.
Dicot stem - Vascular bundle in a ring shape.
Dicot root - Vascular bundle in a x pattern.
Station 15
Prophase 1 + crossing over
Prophase 1 (Meiosis):
- chromosomes tighten, come together in homologous pairs.
- Each pair has 4 chromatids, form a tetrad.
- Crossing over occurs.
- Nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Crossing over:
The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes. Exchanging genetic material.
Station 16
What is fitness
Producing many generations of viable fertile offspring.
Station 18
Functions of digestive system
Mouth: Digestions begins in the mouth
Teeth: Used for physical digestion
Salivary glands: glands in the mouth that produce saliva used for chemical digestion.
Tongue: Helps move food down towards esophagus.
Pharynx: Delivers food and liquid to esophagus.
Epiglottis: Prevents choking, separates airway and esophagus.
Esophagus: Connects mouth to the stomach lined with mucus secreting cells called mucosa.
Liver: Detoxifies harmful substances, converts glucose to glycogen and stores it, produces bile which digests fat.
Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases into duodenum.
Pancreas: Produces secretes 1 L of pancreatic fluid per day, insulin and pancreatic fluids are secreted into the duodenum.
Large intestine: Absorption of water and minerals. Waste removal. Bacteria live here and produce vitamins, folic acid, cellulose and fiber.
Small intestine: Where digestion of lipids, proteins and carbs occur and absorption of nutrients.
Appendix: Holds good bacteria for the body to reboot after illness.
Stomach: Site of digestion, protein digestion starts here, and has 2 sphincters (cardiac and pyloric)
Station 19
Moncot vs Dicot
Monocot:
Root type - fibrous
Petals - group of 3
Leaf pattern - parallel vein
Stem cross - scattered
Root cross - in a circle
Dicot:
Root type - tap root
Petals - group of 4-5
Leaf pattern - net vein
Stem cross - ring shape
Root cross - “x” shape
