states of matter?

Question 1

what are the three states of matter?

Answer 1

solid liquid and gas

Question 2

What are the properties of solid?

Answer 2

they are strong forces of attraction between particles which hold them in fixed positions in a regular lattice arrangement
The particles do not move from their positions, so solids Keep a definite shape and volume.
The particles in the solid don’t have much energy

Question 3

What happens as the solid gets hotter?

Answer 3

The hotter, the sorted becomes the more, they vibrate, causing solids to expand slightly when heated

Question 4

What are the properties of liquid?

Answer 4

there are some forces of attraction between the particles. They are free to move past each other, but they do not turn to stick together.
Liquids, don’t keep a definite shape and will flow to fill the bottom of the container, but they do keep the same volume
Liquid state particles have more energy than solid state

Question 5

what happened when liquid particles are heated

Answer 5

The particles are constantly moving with random motion the hotter the liquid gets the faster they move this causes liquid to expense slightly when heated

Question 6

what are the properties of gases?

Answer 6

There’s next to no force of attraction between the particles they are free to move. They travel in straight lines and only interact when they collide.
Gus don’t keep a different shape of volume and will always fill any container . When particles bounced off the wall of container, they exert a pressure on the walls.
Gas particles contain more energy, than liquid and solid particles.

Question 7

What happens to gases when they are heated

Answer 7

The hotter the gasses gets, the faster they move gas is either expend and heated, or the pressure increases

Question 8

What is it called when a solid turns into a liquid?

Answer 8

Melting

Question 9

Whats it called when a liquid goes to a gas?

Answer 9

Evaporating

Question 10

what’s it called when a gas turns into a liquid?

Answer 10

Condensing

Question 11

what is it called? When a liquid turns into a solid

Answer 11

Freezing

Question 12

It called when a solid turns into a gas

Answer 12

Subliming

Question 13

Define purity in chemistry

Answer 13

It is used to show that a substance is pure and completely made up of a single element or compound

Question 14

What’s it called when you’ve got more than one compound present?

Answer 14

A mixture

Question 15

what is distillation?

Answer 15

It is used for separating out a liquid from a solution

Question 16

How do we use distillation?

Answer 16

first pour sample of seawater into the distillation flask
Gradually heat the distillation flask, the part of the solution that has the lowest boiling point will evaporate it first in this case the water
The water vapour passes into the condenser were caused and condenses, which turns back into a liquid, and then flows into the beaker where it’s collected
Eventually, you end up with just left in the flask

Question 17

what are the problems with simple distillation

Answer 17

The problem with simple distillation is that you can only use it to separate things with very different boiling points. If you have a mixture of liquids with similar boiling points, you need another method to separate them just like fractional distillation.

Question 18

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 18

separation of liquids with similar boiling points.

Question 19

how do we fractional distillate a mixture?

Answer 19

First, put your mixture in a flask and attach a fractionating column and condenser above the flask
Gradually hit the flask. The different liquids will have different boiling points so they will evaporate at different temperatures
The liquid with the lowest boiling point of evaporates first
Liquids with higher boiling points might also start to evaporate, but because the column is cooler towards the top, they will drop straight back down as it’s not hot enough
When the first liquid has been collected, raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top

Question 20

what is filtration used for?

Answer 20

Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. It’s can be used in purification as well. For example, solid impurities can be separated out from reaction mixture using filtration.

Question 21

how do we filter a liquid?

Answer 21

All you do is pop some filter paper into a funnel and pour your mixture into it. The liquid part of the mixture runs through the paper, leaving behind the solid residue.

Question 22

what is crystallisation?

Answer 22

Crystallisation separates a soluble solid from a solution
Dissolvable

Question 23

how do we go through crystallisation?

Answer 23

First, pour the solution into her evaporating dish, and gently heat the solution. Some of the water will evaporate, and the solution will get more concentrated.
Once some of the water has evaporated when you see, crystal started to form, remove the dish from the heat, and leave the solution to cool
The salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution
Filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them in a warm place to dry. You could use a drying oven to dry it

Question 24

What is chromatography?

Answer 24

Chromatography is a method used to separate a mixture of soluble substances to identify them

Question 25

identify the two types of phases during chromatography

Answer 25

A mobile phase – where the molecules can move. This is always a liquid or a solid.
A stationary phase – where the molecules can’t move. This can be a solid or a really thick liquid.
The components in the mixture separate out as the mobile phase moves the stationary phase, they will end up in different places in the stationary phase

Question 26

why will the mixture separate out and spread all over different places on the paper

Answer 26

This happens, because each of the chemicals in the mixture will spend different amount of time dissolved in the mobile phase and stuck to the stationary phase

Question 27

how do we go through PayPal chromatography?

Answer 27

First draw a line near the bottom of the paper – this is a baseline( make sure to use a pencil to do this because the pencil marks are insoluble and they won’t move with the solvent as ink might) put a spot of the mixture to be separated on the line
Put some of the solvent into the beaker, dip the bottom of the paper into the solvent
Put put a glass on the top of the beaker to stop any solvent from evaporating away
The solvent will start to move up on the paper so will certain chemicals
You see the different different chemicals in the sample separated out, and then remove the paper from the beaker. Before the solvent reaches to the top mark the distances of the solvent that has moved in

Question 28

in paper comb photography, what is the paper that you end up with called?

Answer 28

Chromatogram

Question 29

what do you do if some of the chemicals in your mixture are colourless like amino acid

Answer 29

You might have to spray the chromatogram with a chemical called locating agent to show where the spots are

Question 30

What is the RF value?

Answer 30

An RF value is the ratio between the distance, travelled by the dissolved substance, and the distance travelled by the solvent

Question 31

how do you calculate the RF value?

Answer 31

Distance travelled by solute/ distant travel by solvent

Question 32

How do you measure the distance travelled by the solute?

Answer 32

Measure from the baseline to the centre of the spot

Question 33

how can we investigate the composition of ink, using simple distillation and paper chromatography?

Answer 33

Ink is a mixture of different dies solved in solvent
Simple distillation allows you to evaporate off the solvent and collect it – assuming that the solvent has the lowest boiling point of the substance in the ink, it will evaporate first
The thermometer in the distillation set up, will read the boiling point of the solvent when it’s evaporating, and therefore, when it’s being collected, you can use the boiling point of the solvent to try and determine what it is, for example, if the solvent in a certain ink of evaporated at 100°C. It would be quite likely to be water .
You can carry out paper chromatography on a sample of the ink. This will separate out the different dyes in the ink, so that you can see how many they are.
You can compare the RF value of the different spots on the chromatogram produced with reference values or run further chromatography experiments with pure substances to work out what dyes are in the ink

Question 34

Before we can drink water, most water will be purified using what method

Answer 34

filtration- A wire mesh, screening out large twigs and then gravel and Sandbeds filter out other solid bits
Sedimentation – iron sulphate or aluminium sulphate is added to the water which makes particles together and settle at the bottom
Chlorination – chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes

Question 35

How can we get potable water by distilling seawater?

Answer 35

in some very dry countries like Kuwait distillation is used to produce water
Distillation needs lots of energy so it’s really expensive, especially if you’re trying to produce large quantities of freshwater