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Britain Section 2 > State Intervention > Flashcards

State Intervention Flashcards

0
Q

How big was the British army before 1914?

A

About 250,000.

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1
Q

How did Britain get men to serve in the armed forces?

A

Try relied on men volunteering to serve, ‘Voluntarism’.

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2
Q

How many men volunteered for the army 1914-16?

A

About 2 million.

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3
Q

What encouraged men to volunteer for the army?

A

Recruitment posters & propaganda which played on pride, patriotism and fear of embarrassment.

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4
Q

When was Conscription first introduced? For what ages?

A

January 1916, first Military Service Act introduced. Ages 18-41.

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5
Q

When was the Military Service Act extended? (It was extended twice)

A

Summer 1916, married men included.

February 1918, age increased to 50.

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6
Q

What could happen to men that refused to fight?

A

They could be imprisoned, if in army & refused to fight could be court martialled & shot.

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7
Q

What agreements were made between Lloyd George and the Trade Unions? What

A

Dilution agreements.

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8
Q

When were the Dilution Agreements?

A

1915 onwards.

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10
Q

What were the dilution agreements?

A

Various industries allowed semi-skilled, unskilled and women to be trained to jobs/part of jobs previously for skilled craftsmen.
Trade Unions worked closely with employers to avoid strike.

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11
Q

What did the government agree to in return for the Dilution Agreements?

A

Trade Unions demanded State controls on profits and rents, safeguards so workers could get their old jobs back after the war.

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12
Q

What strikes were there despite the dilution agreements?

A

1915, major strike on Clydeside & 1917 one in South Wales.

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13
Q

What did the Dilution Agreements do for the number of strikes?

A

Number of working days lost through strikes fell from 10 million 1913 to 3 million 1916.

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14
Q

What was DORA?

A

Defence Of the Realm Act. Legal basis for huge extension of State power during the war.

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15
Q

When was DORA originally passed?

A

1914 but extended regularly during war.

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16
Q

What was the change in State intervention from 1914-1918?

A

1914-business as usual

1918-State basically running the whole economy

17
Q

How did shell production change from 1915-18?

A

1915-2 million

1918-187 million

18
Q

How did production of machine guns increase 1914-18?

A

1914-270

1918-120,870

19
Q

What war materials did Britain have to supply to its allies?

A

Transport, increase & protect provision of food & ensure adequate supplies of fuel, especially coal.

20
Q

What did huge demand for war materials do?

A

Push up prices & created shortages of materials & workers.

21
Q

What was the Ministry of Munitions?

A

Oversaw purchase, production & supply of all war materials.

22
Q

Who was the head of the Ministry of Munitions?

A

Lloyd George

23
Q

What did the Ministry of Munitions do to help with shortages of war materials?

A
  • Set up central purchasing system for buying essential war materials.
  • Organised British science to help war effort.
  • Encouraged development & production of new weapons.
  • Encouraged factories to switched from peacetime to wartime production & built own factories.
24
Q

What key industries came under State control?

A

Railways, docks & coal mines.

25
Q

How many factories did the Ministry of Munitions manage & supervise by 1918?

A

Managed 250 & supervised 20,000.

26
Q

How many workers were controlled by the Ministry of Munitions by 1918?

A

4 million.

27
Q

What did the Ministry of Munitions control?

A

Prices, wages & profits; rationed essential foods; bought 90% of all imports & had charge of transport and fuel.

28
Q

Why was the Department of Food Production set up?

A

Increase amount of homegrown foodstuffs.

29
Q

How did the State help increase the amount of homegrown foodstuffs?

A

Subsidised farmers to plough up wasteland.
Allocated scarce fertilisers.
Supplied prisoners of war to work the land.
Encouraged women to volunteer for farm work.

30
Q

How much did government spending increase during WW1?

A

1913: £200 million
1918: £2,600 million

31
Q

How much did Britain’s debt increase during the war?

A

1,200%

32
Q

How did the government get the money to increase government spending?

A

By borrowing money from it’s people and from neutral countries.
Increasing taxation eg. income tax extended 1915.

33
Q

What did WW1 do to trade?

A

Weakened it:
Traditional export markets blocked off, hurting profits.
Many imports unavailable or very expensive.
Attacks on shipping meant cargo lost at sea.

34
Q

How did Britain import the goods it needed?

A

Relied on US:
Bought lots of war materials from US
Loan of $5,000 million.
War costing Britain $5 million a day, $2 million of this raised from US.

Britain Section 2 (3 decks)

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