State And Privatised Crime Flashcards
State Crime
Traditional: illegal activities perpetrated by the state, e.g: Genocide
Transgressive: State created Human Rights Abuses
Categories of Crime:
- political crimes - censorship
- crimes by police - torture
- economic crimes - violate h+s laws
- cultural crimes - institutional racism
E.Gs: Trump advertisement campaign
Human Rights and State Crimes:
- Julia Schwendinger
We should define crime in terms of the violation of human rights, if a state practices racism it is violating human rights - Transgressive
HR - right to freedom / education
Explaining State Crime:
Green and Ward Identify 2 forms:
1) Integrated Theory - state crime arises from similar circumstances to that of a normal crime (opportunity, motive)
2) The state backs up their actions by:
- Authorisation - saying it’s policy
- Dehumanisation - marginalises victims
- Routinisation - normalising it by routine
Swann argues this promotes violence in states like this
Green Crime
Actions which cause harm to any aspect of the living world
Traditional: actions that break the laws of protection of environment
Transgressive: individuals or entities who kill, injure and assault other life forms by poisoning the earth
Contemporary Examples of Green Crime
- Seven-Up changing colour of bottle from green to clear to make it less noticeable
- Volkswagen - cheated on federal admissions tests
Is genetically modified crops a green crime?
YES - it interferes with its natural state
NO - it simply stunts growth
Global Risk Society and Environment:
Beck argues the risks we face today are that of our own making, e.g: Global Warming,
- technology has brought new dangers which are global risks
Types of Green Crime:
South Et Al identified 2 types of GC
1) Primary Crime - direct destruction of earth - e.g: Air pollution, deforestation
2) Secondary Crime - breaking rules that could prevent environmental disaster
e.g: illegal waste dumping
The Victims of Green Crime:
Those living in a developing country are at a greater risk of environmental crime
(Marxism, class inequality)
Enforcement against green crime:
Governments can introduce laws that prevent GC:
- EU: Environmental Crime Directive
Explaining Green Crime:
White - green crime arises from TNCs and States having an “Anthropocentric” view of the world (humankind is the most important)
E.G: Well-being of Citizens comes first, Environment comes second
- Green crime arises for the same reasons that normal crimes do (Wolf)
Is Fracking a Green Crime?
YES - it can poison groundwater, pollute sea water and threaten wildlife
NO - this depends on how it is maintained + Fracking is cleaner than burning coal
