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6SIGMA > Stat Uses > Flashcards

Stat Uses Flashcards

1
Q

Mean (xBar)

A

Value that is the sum of the values divided by the number of values in a data set

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2
Q

Median

A

Value positioned in the middle of a data set

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3
Q

Mode

A

Value that appears most often in a data set

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4
Q

Range

A

Subtract the smallest value from the largest value in a data set

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5
Q

Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)

A

Distance of a value from the Mean in Absolute Value

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6
Q

Variance

A

MAD divided by number of values in a data set

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7
Q

Standard Deviation (SD)

A

The square root of Variance

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8
Q

External Environment Factors

A

Technology, Social & Cultural Elements, Economics, Legal & Political Elements, Competition

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9
Q

Internal Environment Factors

A

Attribute measures, Effectiveness measures, Efficiency measures

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10
Q

VOC

A

Identify customer, capture voice of customer, collect and analyze, formulate conclusions, act on conclusions

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11
Q

Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

A

Convert customer expectations into technical requirements for each stage of product or service development and production

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12
Q

House of Quality (QFD)

A

WHAT identifies customer requirements
HOW identifies technical requirements
Competitive Evaluation measures how well all products available meet customer expectations

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13
Q

Average Rate of Return (ARR)

A

net annual savings / average investment

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14
Q

Payback Period

A

initial investment / net annual cash savings

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15
Q

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

A

Use DCF table to find % of discount over period of time

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16
Q

Net Present Value (NPV)

A

Use DCF tables to find % of discount over years to initial investment

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17
Q

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

A

Use DCF to determine the interest rate that will make the DCF equal to the initial investment

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18
Q

Unit

A

What you make

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19
Q

Defect

A

Output that does not meet external or internal customer expectations

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20
Q

Opportunity

A

The chance to satisfy the customer or generate a defect

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21
Q

DPU

A

Defects per unit

22
Q

DPMO

A

Defects per million opportunities

Number of defects / (number of opp x number of units) x 1,000,000

23
Q

Six Sigma

A

3.4 defects per million oppotunities

24
Q

Yield

A

1 - % defects

25
Q

Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY)

A

Determines the probability that a process with more than one step will yield a defect free product

26
Q

Brainstorming

A

Free flow of ideas from a group without criticism or discussion

27
Q

Brainwriting

A

Brainstorming on paper that is passed around the group

28
Q

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

A

Free writing period followed by successive sharing around group

29
Q

Affinity Diagrams

A

NGT followed by posting on a wall and arranging in logical groups, followed by discussion

30
Q

Pareto Chart

A

What is vital, what is trivial. Arrange list of issues in descending order of importance. Assign % to each based upon importance adding all up to 100%.
Left Y-axis shows # of issues, Right Y-axis shows % of importance. X-axis shows categories of issues.

31
Q

Critical to Quality (CTQ) Tree Diagram

A

Defines specifically what customer want.

Top level, breaks down into multiple, each of which break down into multiple, etc

32
Q

Central Limit Theorem

A

A large of enough population will show an normal mean (xBar). 30 or greater usually

33
Q

Operating Characteristic Curve (OC)

A

Graph shows sampling plan probability of accepting a lot with % of defects

34
Q

Histogram

A

Graphically compares process variations from machine to machine or person to person

35
Q

Stem & Leaf Diagram

A

Creates a graphical representation of data with out a graph. Stem is the first digit (tens, hundreds, thousands, etc) and Leaf are the remaining digits separated by stem. Can show as a curve

36
Q

Box & Whiskers Plot

A

Compare two groups of similar data to see mean, median and spread

37
Q

Probability

A

P (A) = n/N
A = Event
n = number of chances
N = number of equally likely ways

38
Q

Binomial Probability Distribution

A

Probability of Either/Or types of outcome…
P(d) = probability of nonconforming units
n = number in the sample
d = number nonconforming in the sample
p sub o = proportion nonconforming in the population
q sub o = population conforming in the population

P(d) = (n!/(d! * (n-d)!)) * p sub 0 (to the d power) * q sub 0 (to the n-d power)

39
Q

Poisson Probability Distribution

A

describe situations that involve events per unit of time or per unit of amount
c = count of an event in a given classification
np sub 0 = average count in the sample
e = 2.718281

P(c) = ((np sub 0) to the c power)/c!) x e to the negative np sub 0 power

40
Q

Chi-Square Probability Distribution

A

This distribution is non-parametric, which is a fancy word that means we don’t know about parameters such as means or proportions

chi squared = Sigma((O subi-E subi)squared / E subi)
Create table to show data

41
Q

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

A 
Identify impact of failure
Rate and Rank each failure activity
Determine probability of occurrence
Assess probability of detection
Determine Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each function
Sequence functions by RPN
Define recommended action, assign responsibility, and put into motion
Follow-up and calculate new RPN
42
Q

Tensile Strength

A

The load of a material under which it is expected to break

43
Q

Decision Making

A 
Define the problem
Establish criteria for the decision
Establish priorities, weights, and constraints
Identify alternatives
Evaluate alternatives
Select alternative
Monitor decision
44
Q

Linear Regression Analysis

A

Requires a linear relationship between two variables
Independent variable on the X-axis
Dependent variable on the Y-axis

45
Q

Multiple Regression Analysis

A

More than one Independent variable effecting a dependent variable

46
Q

Cause & Effect Diagram (E&C)

A

Root cause of a problem
4M, 1P
Machinery, Materials, Measurements, Methods
People

47
Q

Force Field Analysis

A

Central Decision, forces on Left are negative, Restrictive Forces, and forces on the Right are positive, Moving Forces

48
Q

Storyboard

A

Similar to affinity diagram

Define Communication, Who, What, How

49
Q

Tree Diagram

A

Similar to BOM

50
Q

Why-Why

A

Keep asking why until you figure out why

51
Q

Checksheets

A

Track issues

52
Q

Scatter Diagrams

A

Examine relationships between observable events.

Use Trend Tests to find relationship or not

6SIGMA (1 decks)

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