Starter Flashcards
Basics
What are microbes
they are tiny living organisms
What instrument do you need to see Microbes
you need a microscope
Where are microbes found
they are found everywhere and in everything
4 types of microbes
bacteria viruses fungi protists
How big is bacteria
bacteria is single celled organisms, they are much smaller than a human cheek cell 1-5um
Describe Different types of fungi
some are microscopic And single cell e.g yeast. Some are microscopic and made of threads with many cells e.g bread mould. Some are huge e.g mushrooms and toad stools
Why is fungi important to humans
fungi can be used to bake bread, brewing but some cause disease
Why is fungi important in eco systems
they are vital as decomposers
What are viruses, how do they reproduce
there are many types and are found where there are cells to attack some are useful but many cause diseases,
Viruses can only reproduce inside other living cells meaning they are more like chemicals than living organisms
What do you need to see a virus
Viruses are tiny 0.2-0.4um so you can only see them with an electron microscope
What are protists
Protists are all single celled organisms with a true nucleus that are not fungi e.g single celled algae, single celled animals such as amoeba
Where does the fungus yeast need to grow
A place with warm temperatures, moisture suitable ph levels
What’s an agar plate
agar plates are Petri dishes that are filled with a jelly called agar, which contains all the nutrients (food) needed by the microbes
Why do Agar plates need to be sterile
so you only grow what you need to e.g yeast, and nothing else
How to grow yeast on an agar plate
wash your hands open the lid at the last possible second, use a clean Cotten swab to transfer the yeast. Label the agar plate so you know what you’re growing. Never open it in case it contains harmful chemicals
How is yeast important to humans
yeast is used for brewing and baking, it produces carbon dioxide to make bread rise and produces alcohol from sugar
Foods made from bacteria
bacteria is used to make cheese and yoghurt
How’s yoghurt made
pour sterile uht milk into a clean container, add a spoonful of live natural yogurt containing bacteria, leave it in a warm place for 24hours then refrigerate
Why is food preserved
foods need to be protected from attack microbes otherwise they will rot making the, inedible, foods can be treated or kept in particular storage conditions to keep them fresh for longer
Food presentation techniques
pasteurisation seal food in an airtight container then heat to sterilise = milk and yogurt. Chilling/freezing kept at a low temperature to reduce enzymes action and growth of microbes = butter and vegetables. Vacuum packing remove air from the packaging to remove oxygen then seal = tretelia
What’s a yeast colony
yeast combines made of millions of yeast cells that grew from the ones already made
Why must agar plates never be opened again
so that other microbes don’t get in
Why do microbe populations grow so quickly
microbes grow by deviding into 2 new cells meaning the double in size
What causes population growth to level out
as the microbes run out of food or growth is stopped by the build up of poisonous waste products
2 infections caused by fungi
ringworm, thrush, athletes foot
What is an infection
infection is another name for a disease that damages your cells and releases toxins
What’s a pathogen
they are usually defined as a micro organism that causes, or can cause, disease. We have defined a pathogen as a microbe that can cause damage in a host
How do pathogens get inside you and what do they do
they can get in through your eyes,mouth,nose,ears and cuts once incessantly they attack and damage healthy cells and release toxins
Example of barriers to infection
enzymes in mucus saliva, scab to seal a wound stomach acid usfull bacteria out-competes harmful bacteria
What happens when microbes invades the body’s tissue
they trigger an immune response, white blood cells are the next defence when microbes invade the number of white blood cells increas, the tissue swells to bring more blood that contains white blood cells to the site of infection
1st type of white blood cell
phagocytes destroy microbes by engulfing them and digesting them
2nd type of white blood cell
lymphocytes release proteins called antibodies which bind to invading microbes and stop them attacking cells
Dangerous childhood disease that can be prevented by vaccination
measles mumps rubella whooping cough polio and tetanus
How do vaccines work
vaccinations are weakened or dead form of the microbes, vaccines are injected causing lymphocytes to decide and get ready to fight the infection some reman memory cells if memory cells are attacked the immune response is triggered quickly and the live microbe is killed before it takes hold
What’s heard immunity
it’s stops diseases spreading within a population, if 80-90% are vaccinated and immune it means it is not spread or at least not as quickly
How are vaccines given to patients
vaccines are usually injected some may be swallowed or given as a nasal spray
When might you need a travel vaccine
if you’re going to a country that has disease that your country doesn’t have e.g yellow fever and Rabies
Why not to worry about vaccine side effects
the potential damage from the disease is bigger that the risks of the vaccine
Why might parents not vaccinate there kids
due to propaganda around the vaccine
How can the government increase vaccination rates
by giving vaccines at schools And work places
3 factors that affect your physical health
exercise, nutrition and hygiene
Some healthy life choices
low fat sugar and salty foods, exercise, avoid smoking and drinking
What physiology, what can a physiological measurement tell you
the study of organs and how they are functioning, the measurements can tell you how everything is working such as your heart rate
What is your heart for
pumping blood around your body
What happens to your heart if you exercise regularly
your heart muscle, strengths and becomes more efficient
Why does your heart rate increase during exercise and decrease
because during exercise your muscles need more oxygen so the heart pumps harder to spread it around your body
How to calculate a percentage % change
difference ÷ by starter number x 100
Some equipment used for health monitoring
Thermometer , blood pressure monitor , dynamontaylynar, pulse oximeter
Risk factors for heart disease
High blood pressure
Family history or cvd
Diabetes
Inactivity .
What measurement indicate good cardiovascular health
Blood pressure 140/90 is a normal blood pressure anything to high or to low can be dangerous
When is health screening used
To detect certain conditions in aparantly healthy people
Some conditions screens for in Scotland
AAA/abdominal aortic aneurysms
AAA and how the test is carried out
AAA doesn’t show many symptoms it can sometimes be mistaken for stomach aches that won’t go away as well as back pain. The test is almost like an ultrasound they use a little stick thing with a camera that shows your insides, all men gets screenings the year they turn 65 if you don’t have an aneurysm you’ll only get checked once if you do have one they either have to remove it or you will get yearly mabey monthly screenings
