Starter Flashcards
adjective
صفت
a word that describes a person or thing, for example big, red and clever in a big house, red wine and a clever idea
‘Reliable’ is not an adjective that could be applied to my car.
Extra Examples
‘My’ is a possessive adjective.
Adjectives qualify nouns.
Attributive adjectives precede the noun.
Predicative adjectives follow the noun.
adjectives describing texture
verb
فعل
Noun
grammar
a word or group of words that expresses an action (such as eat), an event (such as happen) or a state (such as exist)
•regular/irregular verbs
•transitive/intransitive verbs
SEE ALSOlinking verb, main verb, phrasal verb, pro-verb, reciprocal verb
−Extra Examples
•‘Government’ can take a singular or plural verb.
•Add an ending to make the verb agree with the subject.
•Adverbs modify verbs.
•Do you know how to conjugate the verb ‘seek’?
•In this essay he has used the same verbs over and over again.
•The subject doesn’t agree with the verb.
•Transitive verbs take a direct object.
•What’s the main verb of the sentence?
Pronoun
ضمیر
a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase, for example
he, it, hers, me, them, etc.
•
demonstrative/interrogative/possessive/relative pronouns
SEE ALSO
impersonal pronoun,
a pronoun (in English, the pronoun ‘it’) that does not refer to a person or thing or to any other part of the sentence, for example in ‘it was raining’
indefinite pronoun,
a pronoun that does not refer to any person or thing in particular, for example ‘anything’ and ‘everyone’
personal pronoun
any of the pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them
pronounce
تلفظ
pronounce something to make the sound of a word or letter in a particular way
•to pronounce a word/syllable/vowel/consonant
•Very few people can pronounce my name correctly.
•The ‘b’ in lamb is not pronounced.
•I found it difficult to pronounce the name of the port.
Word Family
pronounce verb
pronunciation noun
unpronounceable adjective
mispronounce verb
Gloves
دستکش ها
Noun
a piece of clothing for the hand, made of wool, leather, etc. with separate parts for each finger and the thumb
•a pair of gloves
•rubber/latex gloves
•gardening/boxing gloves
•The burglar must have been wearing gloves.
•She peeled off her glove to reveal a wedding ring
Id card
کارت شناسایی
Noun
iˈdentity card
North American English also
identification card
a card with a person’s name, date of birth, photograph, etc. on it that proves who they are
actor
Noun
person who performs on the stage, on television or in films, especially as a profession
•Both lead actors (= the ones who play the main parts) are outstanding.
•She is one of the country’s leading actors.
•a stage/film/movie actor
•a Hollywood actor
•The movie starred a bunch of relatively unknown young actors.
بازیگر مرد
هنرپیشه مرد
Singer
Noun
person who sings, or whose job is singing, especially in public
•She’s a wonderful singer.
•a pop/country/folk singer
•He trained as an opera singer.
•the band’s lead singer
•a singer in a German rock band
•a singer of classical Javanese songs
•She became a singer with various local bands.
• His main ambition is to become a singer songwriter.
خواننده
Actress
Noun
woman who performs on the stage, on television or in films, especially as a profession
We will hold auditions to find a talented young actor or actress for the role.
The Oscar-winning actress has taken a break from acting.
In 1940 he married actress Jane Wyman.
Many women now prefer to be called actors, although when the context is not clear, an actor is usually understood to refer to a man.
هنرپیشه زن
Famous
adjective
known about by many people
•a famous artist/actor
•The actor was one of many famous faces at the party.
•Loch Ness is probably the most famous lake in Scotland.
•Tiger Woods is one of the most famous names in golf.
•Many rich and famous people have stayed at the hotel.
•So this is the famous dress! (= the one we have heard a lot about but have not seen).
•The song was made famous by Frank Sinatra.
•This was the book that made her famous.
•famous for something He became internationally famous for his novels.
•famous as something She was more famous as a writer than as a singer.
معروف
Waiter
Noun
a person whose job is to serve customers at their tables in a restaurant, etc.
•
I’ll ask the waitress for the bill.
Waiter, could you bring me some water?
He was working as a waiter in a small restaurant in New York.
She complained to the head waiter.
A waiter serves them drinks.
He was trying to attract the waiter’s attention to get the bill.
پیشخدمت
Waitress
a woman whose job is to serve customers at their tables in a restaurant, etc.
پیشخدمت زن
Whats up?
Not much
Nothing much.
چه خبر؟
خبری نیست
در جواب اینکه بگن چه خبر؟ میشه خبری نیست
until
conjunction, preposition
to the point in time or the event mentioned
•Let’s wait until the rain stops.
•Until she spoke I hadn’t realized she wasn’t English.
•You’re not going out until you’ve finished this.
•Until now I have always lived alone.
•They moved here in 2009. Until then they’d always been in the London area.
•He continued working up until his death.
•The street is full of traffic from morning till night.
•You can stay on the bus until London (= until you reach London).
Until page19
معنی تا میده
مثلا تا صفحه 19
Etc.
abbreviation
Et cetera
used after a list to show that there are other things that you could have mentioned (the abbreviation for ‘et cetera’)
•Remember to take some paper, a pen, etc.
•We talked about the contract, pay, etc.
و غیره..
Regular
following a pattern, especially with the same time or space in between each thing and the next
•regular breathing
•a regular pulse/heartbeat
•A light flashed at regular intervals.
•There is a regular bus service to the airport.
•regular meetings/visits
•We also hold a regular monthly meeting.
•The equipment is checked on a regular basis.
•She writes a regular column for a national newspaper.
•a regular geometric pattern
OPPOSITE irregular
با قاعده
منظم
Irregular
1
not arranged in an even way; not having an even, smooth pattern or shape
SYNONYM
uneven
•
irregular teeth
•
an irregular outline
+
Extra Examples
2
not happening at times that are at an equal distance from each other; not happening regularly
•
A combination of irregular meals and insufficient sleep was to blame.
•
an irregular heartbeat
•
irregular attendance at school
•
He visited his parents at irregular intervals.


3
not normal; not according to the usual rules
SYNONYM
abnormal
•
some somewhat irregular business practices
•
His behaviour is highly irregular.


4
(grammar) not formed in the normal way
•
an irregular verb
5
(of a soldier, etc.) not part of a country’s official army
OPPOSITE
regular
بی قاعده
بینظم
opposite
on the other side of a particular area from somebody/something and usually facing them
Answers are given on the opposite page.
We live further down on the opposite side of the road.
It’s not easy having a relationship when you live at opposite ends of the country.
(used after the noun)
facing the speaker or somebody/something that has been mentioned.
I could see smoke coming from the windows of the house directly opposite.
He sat down in the chair opposite.
[usually before noun] as different as possible from something
I watched them leave and then drove off in the opposite direction.
She tried calming him down but it seemed to be having the opposite effect.
students at opposite ends of the ability range
a story about a pair of young boys from opposite extremes of society
opposite to somebody/something She took a view opposite to that of Fraser.
متضاد در مقابل
synonymous
Adjective
(of words or expressions) having the same, or nearly the same, meaning
Few words are truly synonymous.
synonymous (with something) so closely connected with something that the two things appear to be the same
Wealth is not necessarily synonymous with happiness.
The Delson name is synonymous with excellence in audio.
مترادف
antonym
a word that means the opposite of another word
SYNONYM
opposite
‘Old’ has two possible antonyms: ‘young’ and ‘new’.
a dictionary of antonyms
متضاد
Compare
(abbreviation
[transitive] to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different
compare A and B It is interesting to compare their situation and ours.
We compared the two reports carefully.
The internet allows you to compare prices from a variety of companies.
How can you compare the two things? They are so different!
Compare and contrast the characters of Jack and Ralph.
compare A with/to B We compared the results of our study with those of other studies.
My own problems seem insignificant compared with other people’s.
I’ve had some difficulties, but they were nothing compared to yours (= they were not nearly as bad as yours).
Standards in healthcare have improved enormously compared to 40 years ago.
They receive just over three years of schooling, compared to a national average of 7.3.
an increase of over 11% compared to the same period last year
About a third of American adults are obese compared with 24 per cent of Britons
مقایسه کردن
Instead
Adverb
in the place of somebody/something
•Lee was ill so I went instead.
•He didn’t reply. Instead, he turned on his heel and left the room.
•She said nothing, preferring instead to save her comments till later.
•She might have pursued a successful career in business, but she chose instead to become a nun.
•The UN resisted any tougher sanctions, opting instead for more time to give talks a chance.
•While the Conservatives put the emphasis on the economy, Labour focused instead on public services.
به جای
Phrase
a group of words that have a particular meaning when used together
•a memorable/catchy phrase
•‘Start slowly’ is the key phrase for the first-time marathon runner.
•She was, in her own favourite phrase, ‘a woman without a past’.
•colourful words and phrases
عبارت
اصطلاح
Ache
ache1 /eɪk/ verb [intransitive]
feel a continuous pain that is not severe
part of your body aches, you feel a continuous, but not very sharp pain there
SYNONYMhurt
•I’m aching all over.
•ache from something Her eyes ached from lack of sleep.
•(figurative) It makes my heart ache (= it makes me sad) to see her suffer.
everyday English, people usually say they have a headache, have (a) backache, have (a) stomach ache, or have (a) toothache rather than saying that their head, back, etc aches:
درد پیوسته مث دندان درد کمر درد سردرد شکم درد
Headache
noun
/ˈhedeɪk/
continuous pain in the head
He had a terrible headache.
Red wine gives me a headache.
to suffer from/get headaches
to cause headaches
I have a splitting headache (= a very bad one)
a migraine/tension headache
He developed a severe headache.
سردرد
1.Stomache:
2.Stomach ache:
1.the organ inside the body where food goes when you eat it
•stomach pains/cramps
•an upset stomach
•(British English also) a stomach upset
•It’s not a good idea to drink (= alcohol) on an empty stomach (= without having eaten anything).
•You shouldn’t exercise on a full stomach
معده - شکم
2.pain in or near your stomach
معده درد
شکم درد
Backache
/ˈbækeɪk/
[uncountable, countable]
a continuous pain in the back
کمر درد
Entry
an act of going into or getting into a place
•She made her entry to the sound of thunderous applause.
•The children were surprised by the sudden entry of their teacher.
•They block the entry of the HIV virus into the cells.
•entry into something How did the thieves gain entry into the building?
•entry to something Efforts to effect an entry to the flooded submarine were unsuccessful.
•Drugs come into the country through five main entry points.
•There are security checks at the point of entry.
ورودی
Entrance
door, gate, passage, etc. used for entering a room, building or place
•the front/back/side entrance of the house
•A separate entrance leads to the garden.
•At last we reached the entrance of the cave.
•entrance to something Protesters blocked the entrance to the building.
•A lighthouse marks the entrance to the harbour.
•at the entrance I’ll meet you at the main entrance.
•Guards were posted at the entrance.
•an entrance hall
ورودی
Steal
to take something from a person, shop, etc. without permission and without intending to return it or pay for it
•I’ll report you to the police if I catch you stealing again.
•steal from somebody/something We found out he’d been stealing from us for years.
•steal something My wallet was stolen.
•I had my wallet stolen.
•Thieves stole jewellery worth over £10 000.
•steal something from somebody/something He stole a car from the parking lot of a mall.
•It’s a crime to handle stolen goods.
•He was charged with possession of stolen property.
•(figurative) to steal somebody’s ideas
•(figurative) They accused the president of stealing the election (= winning it by cheating).
دزدیدن
Government
often the Government) (abbreviation govt) the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state
•to lead/form a government
•She has resigned from the Government.
•The Government has/have been considering further tax cuts.
•The government announced further austerity measures.
•This legislation was passed under the last Conservative government.
•EU national governments
•the Nebraska state government
•Ontario’s new provincial government
•The country still has an interim government.
•the governments of many European countries
•This was a decision taken by the government of the day.
•the three branches of the US government
•Foreign governments have been consulted about this decision.
•government officials/ministers/employees
•a government spokesman
•a government department/agency
•government policies/regulations
•government spending/funding
حکومت: دولت :حکومت کردن
Govern
Verb
govern (something) to legally control a country or its people and be responsible for introducing new laws, organizing public services, etc.
•The country is governed by elected representatives of the people.
•He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern.
حکومت کردن
paralyze
1paralyse somebody to make somebody unable to feel or move all or part of their body
•The accident left him paralysed from the waist down.
•He was partially paralysed by the fall.
•(figurative) paralysing heat
•(figurative) She stood there, paralysed with fear.
2paralyse something to prevent something from functioning normally
•The airport is still paralysed by the strike.
فلج کردن
Palaryzation
Seashore
the land along the edge of the sea or ocean, usually where there is sand and rocks
•He liked to look for shells on the seashore.
−
Synonyms
coast
ساحل
beach
ساحل
•
seasideساحل
•
shore
ساحل
•
coastlineخط ساحلی
•
sand
ماسه
seashore
ساحل دریا
Edge
the outside limit of an object, a surface or an area; the part furthest from the centre
•I gripped the edge of my desk to steady myself.
•the first spacecraft to travel to the edge of the solar system.
•on the edge of something He stood on the edge of the cliff.
•Stand the coin on its edge.
•at the edge of something a big house on/at the edge of town
•I sat down at the water’s edge.
•near the edge of something Don’t put that glass so near the edge of the table.
•She tore the page out roughly, leaving a ragged edge in the book.
لبه تیزی
Economic
connected with the trade, industry and development of wealth of a country, an area or a society
•They discussed social, economic and political issues.
•economic growth/development
•the worst economic crisis since the war
•There will be no quick economic recovery.
•the government’s economic policy
•economic activity/cooperation/reform
•an economic downturn/slowdown
•A public spending programme is out of the question in the current economic climate.
اقتصاد. مربوط به اقتصاد
Inverse
opposite in amount or position to something else
•A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness (= the more money they have, the less happy they are).
•There is often an inverse relationship between the power of the tool and how easy it is to use.
برعکس معکوس
