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BABS3081 > Staphylococcus > Flashcards

Staphylococcus Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 different organisms of Staph

A
  • Staph. Aureus
  • Staph Saprophyticus
  • Staph epidermidis
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2
Q

Where do Staphylococcus reside in warm blooded animals?

A
  • Mucosal surfaces

- skin

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3
Q

List where Staph. Epidermidis inhabits, what type of pathogen it is, and what often causes infection

A
  • Skin
  • Opportunistic pathogen
  • Causes infections associated with artificial prosthetics
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4
Q

List where Staph. Saprophyticus is usually pathogenic, which gender it is more common in and the sites of colonisation

A
  • More common in females
  • Urinary Tract pathogen
  • Causes UTI
  • Sites of colonisation = rectum, urethra, cervix
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5
Q

What type of Staph is “golden staph”

A

Staph. Aureus

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6
Q

Explain the different types of infections that can occur from Staph. Aureus

A

Bone infection, skin infection, boils, deep skin infection, toxin mediated disease, abscess

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7
Q

What is bacteraemia and what can it lead to? (staph)

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood stream, leads to endocarditis or pneumonia (rare)

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8
Q

Briefly describe the different virulence factors of Staph. Aureus

A
  • Different sections: Adhesion, invasion, evasion, toxic mediated, resistance
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9
Q

What are the different adhesion factors and their associated gene (staph)

A
  • Fibronectin Binding Protein A (fnpA)
  • Fibronectin Binding Protein B (fnpB)
  • Collagen Binding Protein (can)
  • Fibrinogen Binding Protein (fbpA)
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10
Q

List the different invasion factors and their associated gene (staph)

A
  • Alpha (hla), beta (hlb), gamma (hlgA,B,C), delta (hld) haemolysin
  • Hyaluronidase (hysA)
  • Staphylokinase (sak)
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11
Q

Describe what alpha toxin (haemolysin) is, its potency and structure/how it works (staph)

A
  • Responsible for haemolysis, highest potency in damaging membrane
  • Monomer binds to membrane and forms heptamer with a central pore causing leaking of cellular content
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12
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of B haemolysin, how is it encoded? (staph)

A
  • Damages membranes rich in sphingomyelin (not common in humans)
  • Encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage
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13
Q

Explain the structure of delta haemolysin and its role (staph)

A

Very small peptide toxin (26 amino acids), regulatory role

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14
Q

Explain what Gamma haemolysin is and the difference between its 2 components (staph)

A
  • Fast (HlgA, HlgB) and slow components (HlgC), slow is non toxic
  • Responsible mainly for severe necrotizing skin infections
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15
Q

What is Hyaluronidase and what does it do? (staph)

A
  • Enzyme for hyaluronic acid
    • This breaks down connective tissues and allows for
      dissemination
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16
Q

What is Staphylokinase and what does it do? How is it encoded?

A
  • Plasminogen activator
  • Same as streptokinase
  • Encoded by lysogenic bacteriophages
17
Q

List the different evasion factors and the gene that encodes them (staph)

A
  • Coagulase (coa)
  • Clumping factor (clfA)
  • Protein A (spa)
  • Leukocidin (lukR)
  • Super Oxide Dismutase (sod)
  • Catalase (katA)
18
Q

What is Coagulase, what forms is it in and what is its mechanism of action? (staph)

A
  • 2 forms, Free and cell associated
  • Works by coagulating fibrogen to form fibrin which can be used to wall off infection and at as a barrier to PMNs
  • Forms Abscess
19
Q

What is Protein A and how does it lead to evasion (staph)

A

Surface of staph aureus coated with protein A, has high affinity for Fc region of IgG

20
Q

What proteins lead to toxin mediated diseases and what genes encode for them (staph)

A
  • TSST-1 (tstH)

- Enterotoxins A, B, C1-3, D, E, H (entA-H)

21
Q

What are symptoms of toxic shock syndrome (staph)

A

Organ failure, nails falling off, skin peeling, headache, fever, hypotension

22
Q

What is TSST-1 and what is its mechanism of action? Which condition is it synthesised in, Aerobic or Anaerobic? (staph)

A

Protein responsible for Toxic shock syndrome, works by entering blood stream through tampon, Aerobic

23
Q

What is a pathogenicity island (staph)

A

A region of coding which determines virulence factors

24
Q

What is the difference between an antigen and a super antigen? (staph)

A

Super antigen also releases excess IL2 production, stimulated TNFa and induces shock as it can activate up to 20% of T cells whereas a normal antigen can only activate roughly 0.001%

25
Q

What is the difference between Staph. Aureus and Strep. Pyogenes when causing Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

TSST-1 is from Staph aureus and enters blood stream through tampon, Strep pyogenes enters bloodstream as a whole bacteria and produces Spe

26
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of Staph Food Poisoning

A

Enterotoxins injested, acts on receptors in gut initiating Emetic reflex after 4-6 hrs

27
Q

What are examples of acquired virulence factors? How are they acquired? (staph)

A
  • Penicillin, Methicillin, vancomycin Resistance

- Acquired through use of antibiotics

BABS3081 (18 decks)

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