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AVBS3001- Bacteriology > Staphyloccocus & Streptococcus > Flashcards

Staphyloccocus & Streptococcus Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus commensals

A
  1. Transient contaminants
  2. Short-term residents
  3. Long term colonizers
  4. Skin and mucous membranes
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2
Q

Staphylococcus affects

A

both animals and man

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3
Q

S. aureus causes

A

Wound infections in animals and serious diseases:

  • Pneumonia
  • Ostemomyelitis
  • Mastitis
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4
Q

S. hyicus causes

A

Epidermitis in pigs: GREASY PIG DISEASE

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5
Q

Features of Staphylococcus

A
  • Gram + cocci
  • Clusters: “staphyle” (bunch of grapes)
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Catalase +
  • Fermentative
  • resistant to lysozome
  • plasmids
  • bacteriophage
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6
Q

Are the following coagulase + or -?
S. aureus
S. pseudintermedius
S. hyicus

A

Coagulase positive:

- Coagulase produced by the bacteria activates thrombin in plasma which causes clumping of fibrin

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7
Q

Are the following coagulase + or -?
S. epidermidis
S. hyicus (some)

A

Coagulase - (no clumping)

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8
Q

Types of Adhesins in Staphyloccocus

A
  • Adhesins with MSCRAMMS

- main adhesins: Fibronectin, collagen, elastin, coagulase

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9
Q

MSCRAMMs stands for

A

Microbial Surface Components Recognising Adhesins Matrix Molecules

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10
Q

Parasitic properties of staphylococcus

A
  1. Adhesins
  2. Capsule
  3. Cell wall constituents
  4. tolerate high salt and fatty acids
  5. Exotoxins
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11
Q

Staphylococcus capsule

A

Is antiphagocytic with 12 immunotypes

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12
Q

Cell wall consituents of Staphylococcocus

A

Protein A binds Fc fragment of Ig and therefore is antiphagocytic. This limits optimisation

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13
Q

Exotoxins of staphylococcus

A
  • alpha toxins enable destruction of phagocytes

- Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)

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14
Q

Staphylococcus enters via

A
  1. Hair follicles
  2. Skin glands
  3. Wounds
  4. Compromised skin
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15
Q

Staphylococcus: Host factors

A
  • endogenous or exogenous
  • phagocytosis is main defence: immunosuppression predisposes to disease
  • pus results from invasion of compromised epithelium or mucous membranes
  • systemic disease occurs if enters blood stream
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16
Q

Staphylococcus: Environmental factors

A

Spreads through shedding of epithelium:

  1. Equipment (milking machines: mastitis)
  2. Bedding/housing (perch Bumblefoot)
  3. Contact (zoonotic)
  4. Predisposing factors (Abrasions, arthropods)

Hygiene is important

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17
Q

How S. aureus causes mastitis

A
  1. Lives inside or outside udder on teat skin
  2. grows well in milk
  3. lives high up in glands and is contagious - milking machines
  4. Penetrates interstitial tissue and survives intracellularly
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18
Q

Treatment for S. aureus mastitis

A
  • eliminate pathogen or animal

- Dry cow therapy for subclinical disease

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19
Q

How bovine mastitis occurs

A
  1. Structural defense of teat
  2. White blood cells destroy bacteria
  3. Atrophy (loss) of alveoli
20
Q

Porcine Exudative Dermatitis aka

A

Greasy pig disease

21
Q

Greasy Skin disease caused by

A

S. hyicus

22
Q

S. hyicus

A
  • S. hyicus enters through minor abrasions and bites
  • highly contagious
  • Not itchy
  • Coagulative +
  • Exfoliative toxin
  • non-haemolytic
23
Q

Control of staphylococcal disease

A
  1. Hygiene
  2. Maintain skin health
    - Nutrition
    - grooming
    - ectoparasite prevention
  3. Minimise likelihood of abrasions/spread
    - consider perching management (carpet)
    - rough bedding
    - milk machine maintenance
    - stress and co-mingling
    - Dry cow therapy
    - Isolate infected pigs
24
Q

Streptococcus Features

A
  • Gram + cocci
  • chains
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Catalase -
  • Primary pathogens or secondary invaders
  • Haemolysins: Streptolysins O and S (kills phagocytes)
25
Q

Morphology of Streptococcus

A
  • long chains: S. agalactiae and S. equi

- Short chains: S. uberis (powdery deposit)

26
Q

Which streptococcal pathogens cause bovine mastitis?

A

S. afalactiae
S. dysgalactiae
S. uberis

27
Q

Which streptococcal pathogens cause strangles?

A

S. equi subsp. equi

28
Q

Which streptococcal pathogens cause Pharyngitis “strep throat” in humans?

A

S. pyogenes

29
Q

Which streptococcal pathogens cause pneomococcal pneuomonia in humans?

A

S. pneumoniae

30
Q

8 Parasitic properties of Streptococcus

A
  1. Adhesins
  2. Capsulated
  3. M protein
  4. Cytotoxins
  5. Spreading Factors
  6. Superantigens
  7. Extracellular
  8. Multifactorial
31
Q

Streptococcus: Adhesins

A

MSCRAMMS

Lipoteichoic acid

32
Q

Streptococcus: capsulated

A

Hyaluronic acid

Polysaccharide

33
Q

Streptococcus: M proteins

A

are antiphagocytic and adhesin

34
Q

Streptococcus host factors

A
  • Commensal or obligate parasites: Host compromise
  • Exogenous/endogenous: some are contagious
  • Opsonising antibody
35
Q

Environmental factors

A
  • fragile
  • mastitis: milking equipment, hygiene, teat handling
  • transport pneumonia: horses travel long distance in shuttle stages- unable to move head freely
36
Q

S. agalactiae

A
  • obligate parasite of bovine mammary gland
  • causes contagious mastitis
  • sensitive to penicillin
37
Q

S. dysgalactiae

A
  • causes bovine mastitis
  • opportunistic pathogen
  • “environmental” organism
  • DOES NOT PERSIST IN UDDER
  • NON CONTAGIOUS
  • causes acute mastitis
38
Q

S. uberis

A
  • opportunistic pathogen
  • causes acute mastitis
  • non-contagious
  • hygiene before and after milking
39
Q

Streptococcal bovine mastitis: Control and prevention

A
  1. Dry cow therapy
  2. Avoid teat lesions
  3. Clean and dry teats before milking
  4. Milking machine & parlour hygiene
  5. Antimicrobial usage
40
Q

Strangles is caused by what pathogen?

A

S. equi subsp equi

41
Q

Strangles

A
  • highly contagious
  • obligate parasite of nasopharynx
  • purulent inflammation
42
Q

“Bastard” strangles

A

Abscessation of lung or in abdomen

43
Q

Cytotozins and M proteins are important for

A

resisting phagocytosis

44
Q

S. equi subsp equi can be differentiated from biochemistry

A

Lactose -
Sorbitol -
Trehalos -

45
Q

S. equi subsp equi strangles epidemiology

A
  • oral or nasal route
  • direct or indirect contact
  • recovered animals may be carriers
  • recovered mares produce antibody protection to foals
  • persists in environment
46
Q

Strangles control and prevention

A
  • vaccine; M protein and local response important
  • quarantine
  • antimicrobials: penicillin

AVBS3001- Bacteriology (1 decks)

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