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A - Equine Repro > Stallion repro physiology, BSE and issues > Flashcards

Stallion repro physiology, BSE and issues Flashcards

1
Q

When should the tested be decended?

A

2 weeks postpartum

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2
Q

When does a stallion reach puberty?

A

12-24 months

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3
Q

When does a stallion reach maximum reproductive capability?

A

4 years old

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4
Q

Is reproductive function affected by season?

A

Yes

In winter everything decreases

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5
Q

Where will you find the ‘bean’?

A

In the urethral sinus or diverticulum

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6
Q

When is the most amount of sperm during ejaculation?

A

The first 3 jets

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7
Q

How can you recognise ejaculation in the stallion?

A

Cessation of thrusting
Flagging tail
Palpation of urethral pulses
On dismount they enter a refractory state where they become disinterested

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8
Q

In the stallion what does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH

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9
Q

What does FSH do in the stallion?

A

Causes sertoli cells to release androgen binding protein

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10
Q

What does LH do in the stallion?

A

acts on Leydig cells to release testosterone

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11
Q

What does the sertoli cells convert testosterone to?

A

dihydrotestosterone and oestrogen

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12
Q

What cells produce inhibin?

A

Sertoli cells

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13
Q

What 2 hormones exert a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus?

A

Testosterone

Oestrogen

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14
Q

What 2 things have a negative effect on GnRH secretion?

A

Melatonin

Opioids

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15
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

Full cycle is 2 months

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16
Q

When should you do a BSE?

A

Before onset of breeding season to detect problems and mating load
If subfertility/infertility suspected
Abnormal sexual behaviour
Disease or injury may have affected the reproductive system
Before sale
Before semen is preserved for AI

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17
Q

Describe the steps of a full BSE on a stallion?

A

History and identification
General physical examination
Collect blood samples for testing EVA or EIA
Swabs
Evaluate breeding behaviour and libido
Examine scrotal contents - length, width, height, total
Examine internal accessory glands and inguinal rings per rectum
Collect 2 semen ejaculates an hour apart
Semen evaluation with longevity testing

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18
Q

What 5 swabs should you do as part of a BSE?

A 
Pre-wash penile shaft
Pre-wash fossa glandis
Pre-wash prepucial fold
Post-wash urethra
Post-ejaculate urethra
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19
Q

What should you use to wash a stallion’s penis before taking swabs/samples?

A

Warm water only and dry with paper towels

-NOT chlorhex, iodine or disinfectants

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20
Q

When collecting 2 ejaculates an hour apart, how many progressively motile and morphologically normal sperm should there be?

A

Over 1 billion

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21
Q

When collecting 2 ejaculates an hour apart, what 4 criteria should they meet to pass?

A

Volume of both similar
Total sperm of the 1st is double that of the 2nd
pH should be stable or slightly increase
Motility should be stable or increase

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22
Q

What things do you look at for semen evaluation?

A 
Sperm concentration
pH
Culture it
Percentage of total and progressively motile sperm
Percentage of identified abnormalities 
Cytology
Longevity in extender 1:1
Total number of sperm
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23
Q

What is the minimum normal total scrotal width?

A

80 mm

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24
Q

What is a DSO?

A

The total number of sperm that a stallion can ejaculate per day after depletion of epidiymal sperm reserves

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25
Q

What does a DSO allow you to estimate?

A

The number of mares a stallion can breed daily

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26
Q

How do you determine the DSO?

A

Ejaculate stallion daily for 10 days
OR
twice daily for 5-7 days

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27
Q

What 2 ways can you estimate a stallion’s breeding potential for a season?

A

Testicular volume
DSO
-If DSO is lower than expected volume then need to determine cause

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28
Q

What does alkaline phosphatase concentration in seminal plasma tell you ?

A

If none present then no ejaculation has occurred

However if it is high and there is no sperm, then there is a problem occurring

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29
Q

What are some ancillary tests that are available in stallions?

A 
Alkaline phosphatase concentrations
Computer assisted sperm analysis
Urethral endoscopy 
Chromosome analysis
Testicular biopsy
Endocrinological testing
Sperm chromatin structure assay
Anti-sperm antibodies
etc. etc. etc. blah blah blah
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30
Q

Would you expect a higher concentration of FSH in a gelding or a stallion, and why?

A

Higher in a gelding

There is no negative feedback

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31
Q

Should oestrone sulphate concentrations be high or low in mature stallions?

A

Should be high

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32
Q

On endocrinology testing in a stallion with progressive testicular disease, what do you expect to see?

A 
High FSH
Low oestrogen
Low inhibin
Declining testosterone
Rising LH
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33
Q

How should you collect a sample for endocrinology testing?

A

Blood sample
Every 30 minutes
For 6 hours

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34
Q

What can a hCG stimulation test tell you?

A

hCG stimulates testosterone and E2

Low concentrations will occur in infertile stallions

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35
Q

How can you diagnose a cryptorchid stallion?

A

By looking for a positive biomaker for testicular tissue

  • Basal and post stimulation testosterone
  • Oestrone sulphate
  • Anti-Mullerian hormone (From sertoli cells)
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36
Q

If trying to diagnose cryptorchidism in a stallion under 3 years old, what test should you do?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

  • However not available in Australia
  • Oestrone sulphate and testosterone may be low
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37
Q

List some factors which may contribute to a stallion’s sperm count being lower than expected?

A 
Age - Under 3 years old 
Total scrotal width 
Frequency of ejaculation -every 2nd day ideal 
Sexual behaviour 
Drugs - testosterone drugs bad 
Testicular injury/disease 
Pituitary dysfunction - affect gonadotrophin secretion 
Collection difficulty 
Season
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38
Q

What are the 4 broad ways that can cause sexual behaviour to be compromised in a stallion?

A

Reduced libido
Erectile dysfunction
Ejaculatory dysfunction
Physical problems, or issues in incoordination

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39
Q

What are some psychological issues that may reduce stallion libido?

A

Previous stallion handling - discipline, aversion to a particular handler
Unreceptive or hostile mares
Overused as a teaser
Preference for different mares
Unstable collection dummy, or wrong height
Change of environment

40
Q

What are some steps that can be implemented to improve libido in a stallion?

A

Eliminate any causative factors - pain, disease, certain people
Behaviour modification - positive reinforcement
If using AV, increase stimulation after finding preference for liner and temperature
Expose to receptive mares
Develop ritualized breeding routine
Retain conditioned stimuli known to asist in arousal
Reduce distractions in breeding area
Reduce mating load if needed

41
Q

What are 3 causes of stallion impotence?

A

Penile paralysis
Desensitisation
Fibrosis of corpus cavanosum

42
Q

What are some causes of ejaculatory dysfunction?

A

Incomplete intromission
Inadequate pelvic thrusts
High threshold to ejaculate
Neurological lesion

43
Q

What drugs do you administer for chemical ejaculation?

A

Imipramine orally
2 hours later xylazine IV
Wait 5-25 minutes

44
Q

What are some physical and coordination factors that may affect a stallion’s reproductive performance?

A 
Fatigue 
Poor condition 
Obesity 
Physical trauma - kicks, stallion rings, priapism, paraphimosis 
Current lesions on penis 
Musculoskeletal disease 
Penile deviation preventing intromission
45
Q

If a stallion has decreased libido, should you administer testosterone?

A

No
It may have negative feedback effects, decreasing LH and spermatogenesis
-Use hCG or GnRH

46
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Inability to retract penis into prepuce

-Usually due to prepucial oedema or secondary to trauma or systemic disease

47
Q

What condition in stallions can administration of acepromazine induce?

A

Paraphimosis

-Nerve damage

48
Q

How do you treat paraphimosis?

A 
NSAIDs
\+/- Opioids 
Hydrotherapy - cold hosing 
Return penis to prepuce
Purse string suture prepuce to reduce oedema
Support wrap 
\+/- catheter if indicated
Mild exercise if appropriate 
Topical or systemic antibiotics 
Tetanus prophylaxis
Isolate from mares
If severe unilateral testicular trauma, unilateral castration
49
Q

What is priapism?

A

Persistent erection without sexual arousal

-Detumescence of engorged corpus cavernousm penis fails because of altered arterial or venous flow

50
Q

What drug type can cause priapism?

A

Phenothiazine-derivative tranqualisers

-Acetylpromazine

51
Q

What is the end result if priapism isn’t treated?

A

Impotence

-Loss of erectile function and sensitivity

52
Q

What are 2 DDx for priapism?

A

Penile paralysis

Penile trauma

53
Q

What are 2 drugs that are used to treat priapism?

A

Cholinergic blocker - Benztropine mesylate
Sympathomimetic - 1% Phenylephrine HCl directly into CCP

  • If this fails irrigate using 12G needles into CCP
  • Chronic case- anastamose the CCP to the CSP
54
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability of stallion to protrude its penis completely from prepuce

55
Q

Should you be concerned if you see a foal with phimosis?

A

No - it is normal in foals

56
Q

What can phimosis lead to?

A

Urination within prepucial cavity

Get inflammation and secondary infection

57
Q

How do you treat phimosis?

A

Surgically

-Enlarge the prepucial orifice

58
Q

How do you treat squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and/or prepuce?

A 
Surgical debridement
Cryosurgery 
Small lesions - Topical treatment with fluorouracil 
Reefing operation 
Radiation therapy 
Phallectomy - salvage procedure
59
Q

What are some clinical signs of cutaneous habronemiasis?

A 
Localised swelling
Prepucial oedema 
Haemospermia
Superficial ulceration 
Granuloma formation which can look like SCC
60
Q

How do you diagnose and treat cutaneous habronemiasis?

A

Diagnose by biopsy or response to treatment
Treatment
-Ivermectin
-If required may need surgical excision or amputation of urethral process

61
Q

What is the causative agent of equine coital exanthema?

A

Equine Herpes Virus 3

62
Q

How do you diagnose EHV-3 in stallions?

A

Biopsy
Serology
PCR

63
Q

How do you treat equine coital exanthema in stallions?

A

Sexual rest until lesions healed
Strict hygiene procedure to avoid mechanical transmission
Antibiotic ointment to reduce any secondary bacterial infection

64
Q

If a stallion has been infected with EHV-3 before, can it happen again?

A

Yes

Immunity is temporary

65
Q

List some DD’s for scrotal oedema or swelling of the spermatic cord in a stallion? (Hint there’s 9)

A 
Trauma/wound 
Varicocoele
Hydrocoele
Haematocoele
Torsion of the spermatic cord 
Inguinal hernia 
Neoplasia 
Insect bite 
Orchitis/epididymitis
66
Q

What is a varicocoele?

A

Dilation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform plexus and draining of the cremaster muscle
-Causes a unilateral enlargement that is not painful

67
Q

How do you treat a varicocoele?

A

Usually don’t need to
Only treat if there is sperm quality affected
May then need unilateral removal of cord and testicle

68
Q

What is a hydrocoele?

A

Serous fluid accumulation between the visceral and parietal layers of the vaginal tunic

69
Q

What are the 3 causes of a hydrocoele?

A

Idiopathic - During hot weather and resolves when it cools
Aberrant migration of strongyle larvae
Peritonitis or orchitis

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of a hydrocoele?

A

Unilateral or bilateral enlargement
May develop acutely or over time
usually painless

71
Q

What two types of fluid can accumulate in a hydrocoele, and how do you differentiate?

A

Transudate or an exudate

Transudate - Hypoechoic on US, aspirate clear fluid

Exudate - Hyperechoic on US, aspirate cloudy fluid

72
Q

How do you treat a hydrocoele?

A

Find and treat underlying cause
Hydrotherapy
Exercise
NSAIDs
May disappear over time
If unilateral hydrocoele with transudate, may need unilateral castration to prevent temperature induced degeneration of unaffected testicle
If inflammatory fluid - treat the primary infection with appropriate antibiotics

73
Q

What is a haematocoele, and what causes it?

A

Accumulation of haemorrhagic fluid within the vaginal cavity
Caused by trauma to the scrotum, rupture of tunica albuginea, haemoperitoneum

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of a haematocoele?

A

If from trauma will be painful
Swelling of scrotum
US - Signs of haematoma formation - hyperechoic fluid with fibrin tags

75
Q

How do you treat a haematocoele?

A

Hydrotherapy every 2 hours
Systemic antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories
Surgical drainage and evacuation of haematoma, repair any torn tissues
Unilateral orchiectomy may be indicated to prevent increased temperature affecting other testicle

76
Q

Why do you need to surgically repair a haematocoele instead of just leaving it to drain itself?

A

Usually caused by some sort of trauma so there will be damage
This means that there is risk of development of antisperm antibodies

77
Q

What are some clinical signs of a 360 degree spermatic cord torsion?

A

Signs of colic and unilateral scrotal swelling

  • Can be chronic, intermittent or cause discomfort during sexual activity and reluctance to ejaculate
  • Medical emergency, unilateral castrate
78
Q

What are some clinical signs of orchitis or epididymitis?

A

Localised swelling, oedema and pain
May show reduced libido
May see inflammatory cells in the ejaculate and abnormal sperm

79
Q

What are the two broad aetiologies for testicular degeneration?

A

Thermal injury
-Local inflammation, systemic disease

Previous injury and infection
-Of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, spermatic cord, hydrocoele, haematoma, haematocoele, idiopathic

80
Q

What are the clinical signs for testicular degeneration?

A

Decrease in semen quality and concentration over time
Testes may initially be soft, later become firm
On US see evidence of fibrosis and calcification - Increased echogenic pattern or focal hyperechoic areas
Decreased Leydig cell number causes reduced concentrations of testosterone and reduced response to hCG stimulation test

81
Q

How do you diagnose testicular degeneration?

A 
Endocrinological tests
Palpation 
Ultrasonography 
Semen evaluation 
Testicular biopsy
82
Q

How do you treat testicular degeneration?

A

Treat underlying cause if present
No specific treatment once permanent changes have occurred
Reduce mating load
Inseminate fertile mares at optimal time
Can try ICSI or GIFT

83
Q

What is the most common type of testicular neoplasm?

A

Seminoma

84
Q

If you are presented a stallion for BSE with testicular hypoplasia, should you breed from him?

A 
No
Likely hereditary 
Can also be infertile 
Also need to check if karyotype is normal 
Can't treat it
85
Q

When do you most commonly see a blockage of the ampullae?

A

Start of breeding season

86
Q

How do you treat a blocked ampullae?

A

Rectal massage of ampullae
Oxytocin to stimulate smooth muscle
Frequent ejaculation
-Good prognosis

87
Q

What will the sperm look like in a stallion with blocked ampullae?

A

Still get ejaculation
Large number dead sperm - Over 20 billion
High percent with detached heads

88
Q

What are clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis?

A 
Pus in semen 
Haemospermia 
Decreased pregnancy rates 
Neutrophils in semen 
Rectal palpation and US show enlarged seminal vesicles which are painful
89
Q

How do you treat seminal vesiculitis?

A

Culture and sensitivity to find appropriate antibiotic that can penetrate seminal vesicles
Endoscopic lavage and infusion of antibiotics directly
Enrofloxacin usually pretty good broad spectrum
Long-term antibiotics

90
Q

If you have a stallion with a bacterial infection in his reproductive tract, can you still breed for him?

A

Yes
-Incubate semen in extender with antibiotic for 30 minutes before service
Or infuse extender with antibiotic into uterus before natural service

91
Q

List some venerally transmitted conditions by stallions?

A 
Pseudomonas 
Klebsiella 
Strep. zooepidemicus
Taylorella equigenitalis - Contagious equine metritis
Equine viral arteritis 
EHV-3 
Dourine - Africa
92
Q

What are some causes of haemospermia?

A 
Lacerations of glans penis, urethral process, urethral rent 
Bacterial urethritis 
Seminal vesiculitis 
Habronemiasis 
Neoplasia 
Epididymitis 
EHV 3
93
Q

Why is urospermia bad?

A

Decreases motility and longevity of semen

94
Q

What signs indicate urospermia?

A

Urine odour and watery semen

Semen creatinine over 2.0mg/dL and urea over 30mg/dL

95
Q

How can you treat urospermia?

A

Encourage urination before collection
Only get sperm rich fraction during ejaculation
Bladder catheterisation and lavage before collection
Use alpha adrenergic agonist to increase tone in neck of bladder
Collect with semen extender preplaced in collection vessel to dilute urine

A - Equine Repro (4 decks)

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