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Russia - T2 > Stalin - 1928-53 > Flashcards

Stalin - 1928-53 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the nature of Stalin’s economy?

A
  • Command economy (Gosplan)
  • 5 year plans
  • Dekulakisation
  • Collectivisation
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2
Q

Give 4 reasons for stalin introducing the plans?

A
  1. Ideology
  2. Economics
  3. Military
  4. Political
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3
Q

Reasons for the plans

Ideology

A
  • wanted to abolish the capitalist market
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4
Q

Reasons for the plans

Economics

A
  • NEP had failed to help Russia to industrialise
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5
Q

Reasons for the plans

Military

A
  • Stalin argued that Russia had to industrialise in order to prepare for war with capitalist nations
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6
Q

Reasons for the plans

Political

A
  • by abolishing capitalism, stalin won the support of the left wing of the party
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7
Q

What were the main aims of the plans?

A
  1. Heavy industry
  2. Transport
  3. Labour productivity
  4. Rearmament (from 1936)
  5. MASS INDUSTRIALISATION
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8
Q

When was the First 5 year Plan?

A

1928-1932

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9
Q

When was the Second 5 year Plan?

A

1933 - 1937

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10
Q

When was the Third 5 year Plan?

A

1938 - 1941

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11
Q

Overall success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ - in reference to aims.

A

The first three ‘5 year plans’ succeeded in industrialising the Soviet Union.

  1. Heavy industry = success
  2. Transport = success
  3. Labour productivity = improvement, but still poor
  4. Re-armament = success
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12
Q

Success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Give three facts about how heavy industry succeeded.

A
  1. Electricity output increased almost ten-fold.
  2. Coal and steel production increased 5 times over.
  3. There was a three-fold increase in oil production.
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13
Q

Success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Give two facts about how transport succeeded.

A
  1. Moscow Metro opened in 1935

2. Moscow-Volga Canal opened in 1937

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14
Q

Success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Evidence of labour productivity improving.

A
  • productivity rose between 25 and 50% in Russia’s major industries between the first and third ‘5 year plan’
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15
Q

Success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

What were the government initiatives aimed at improving labour productivity?

A
  1. Stakhanovite Movement
    - propaganda campaign praising miner who mined 14 times his quota in his shift
    - aimed to encourage productivity
  2. higher payments to reward the most productive workers
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16
Q

Success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Evidence of labour productivity remaining limited

A

soviet productivity still lagged behind that of Germany, USA and France

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17
Q

Success of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Evidence of rearmament being successful.

A

9 military aircraft factories built between 1939-1941

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18
Q

Name 3 ways in which the first three ‘5 year plans’/ command economy was unsuccessful.

A
  1. Poor quality goods
  2. Inefficiency
  3. Falsified data
19
Q

Failures of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Why was quality poor

A

because factory managers were rewarded for producing large quantities of material, regardless of quality

20
Q

Failures of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Give a fact showing the planned economy was inefficient

A

poor transport and communication meant that 40% of what was produced was wasted

21
Q

Failures of the first three ‘5 year plans’ -

Problems with command economy
ignorance/ falsified data

A
  • Gosplan didn’t set reasonable targets because they didn’t know how big the factories they controlled were or how much they could produce
  • factory management lied about production to avoid punishment –> falsified data made it harder to plan
22
Q

When was Stalin’s period of collectivisation?

A

1928-41

23
Q

What was collectivisation?

A
  • small farms were merged into large farms

- ownership of farms was taken over by the state

24
Q

Name 4 causes of collectivisation?

A
  1. ideology
  2. economics
  3. failure of the NEP
  4. politics
25
Q

Causes of collectivisation -

Communist Ideology

A
  • NEP farming was essentially capitalist. the government wanted to end private ownership of farms
26
Q

Causes of collectivisation -

Economically more beneficial to the state

A
  • NEP = gov collected a small tax on farms

BUT with collectivisation, the government could take much more wealth from farms and INVEST in industrialisation

27
Q

Causes of collectivisation -

Failure of NEP

A

agricultural production fell in 1927 –> leading to food shortages in the cities

28
Q

Causes of collectivisation -

Political

A

won stalin support from the left wing of the party

29
Q

Describe the process of collectivisation.

A

a) violent = kulaks who refused were killed or deported
b) wasteful –> decline in agricultural production = many peasants responded by destroying their crops/ animals/ machinery

30
Q

What were the 5 main consequences of collectivisation?

A
  1. Falling production
  2. Famine
  3. Modernisation
  4. Grain procurement
  5. Slow recovery
31
Q

Consequences of collectivisation -

Give 2 pieces of evidence showing how collectivisation caused falling production.

A
  1. Grain production decreased from 73.3 million tons in 1928 to 68.4 tons in 1933.
  2. 60 million sheep and goats were destroyed as a result of rural unrest.
32
Q

Consequences of collectivisation -

Give evidence of famine.

A
  • Ukraine in 1932-1933 caused 5 million deaths.

HAPPENED BECAUSE = stalin seized grain and livestock because Ukraine resisted collectivisation

33
Q

Consequences of collectivisation -

Give evidence of modernisation. How effective was it?

A
  • 75,000 tractors provided

EFFECTIVE = made limited impact. Barely made up for all the horses lost during the collectivisation period

34
Q

Consequences of collectivisation -

Give a fact demonstrating how the government procured far more than under the NEP.

A

The government procured almost double the amount of grain in 1933 as it did in 1928

35
Q

Consequences of collectivisation -

Evidence that the recovery of Soviet agriculture was slow and that productivity was worse than during the NEP.

A

private farms = 410 kilos of grain per hectre

collective farms = 320 kilos of grain per hectre

36
Q

What was the overall effect of WW2 on the soviet economy?

A
  • devastated economy

- soviet industry recovered quickly, but agriculture grew more slowly

37
Q

Name 2 economic consequences of WW2.

A
  • 25 million people were homeless

- soviet industry was producing around one third of what they produced in 1940

38
Q

When was the fourth ‘5 year plan’?

A

1945 - 1950

39
Q

Name 2 successes of the fourth ‘5 year plan’?

A
  • by 1950, the soviet economy was producing more iron coal and steel than in was in 1940
  • fastest growing economy in the world
40
Q

What were the priorities of the fourth ‘5 year plan’?

A
  • industrial recovery

- military spending (cold war)

41
Q

Give evidence that industrial recovery was a priority of the fourth ‘5 year plan’.

A

almost 90% of economic investment was devoted to developing heavy industry.

42
Q

Give evidence that the military was priority of the fourth ‘5 year plan’.

A

1952 = military = 25% of government spending

43
Q

Name 3 problems that remained in the fourth ‘5 year plan’.

A
  1. Low labour productivity and inefficiency.
  2. Light industry/ consumer goods failed to grow.
  3. High-tech production lagged behind other modern economies.

Russia - T2 (4 decks)

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